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. 2017 Nov 22;142(6):1189–1201. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31146

Table 1.

Description of PC cases and matched controls for the EPIC and HUNT2 studies separately

EPIC HUNT2
Cases (n = 626) Matched controls (n = 626) p valuea Cases (n = 112) Matched controls (n = 112) p valuea
Matched variables
Years of follow‐up, mean (sd) 7.0 (3.7) 5.8 (3.2)
Age at recruitment (years), mean (sd) 57.7 (7.8) 57.7 (7.8) 68.0 (10.7) 68.0 (10.6)
Women, n (%) 337 (53.9) 337 (53.9) 59 (52.7) 59 (52.7)
Residential region, n (%)
 North (UK, NL, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway) 457 (73.0) 457 (73.0) 112 (100.0) 112 (100.0)
 South (France, Italy, Spain, Greece) 169 (27.0) 169 (27.0)
Country, n (%)
HUNT2 cohort
 Norway 112 (100.0) 112 (100.0)
EPIC cohort
 Denmark 79 (12.6) 79 (12.6)
 France 12 (1.9) 12 (1.9)
 Germany 86 (13.7) 86 (13.7)
 Greece 36 (5.8) 36 (5.8)
 Italy 66 (10.5) 66 (10.5)
 The Netherlands 62 (9.9) 62 (9.9)
 Norway 5 (0.8) 5 (0.8)
 Spain 55 (8.8) 55 (8.8)
 Sweden 145 (23.2) 145 (23.2)
 United Kingdom 80 (12.8) 80 (12.8)
Season of blood collection, n (%)
 Winter (Dec, Jan, Feb) 134 (21.4) 135 (21.6) 24 (21.4) 25 (22.3)
 Spring (Mar, Apr, May) 190 (30.4) 197 (31.5) 26 (23.2) 25 (22.3)
 Summer (Jun, Jul, Aug) 125 (20.0) 123 (19.7) 19 (17.0) 19 (17.0)
 Autumn (Sep, Oct, Nov) 177 (28.3) 171 (27.3) 43 (38.4) 43 (38.4)
Fasting status, n (%)
 <3 hrs 253 (40.4) 263 (42.0) 78 (69.6) 80 (71.4)
 3–6 hrs 100 (16.0) 97 (15.5) 32 (28.6) 31 (27.7)
 >6 hrs 171 (27.3) 165 (26.4) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9)
Use of pill/HRT/ERT at blood collection, yes, n (%) 56 (9.0) 56 (9.0) 6 (5.4) 6 (5.4)
Characteristics
Height (cm), mean (sd) 167.7 (9.4) 167.2 (9.7) 0.20 166.5 (9.6) 166.3 (8.9) 0.87
Weight (kg), mean (sd) 74.7 (13.6) 73.4 (13.9) 0.06 75.1 (13.6) 74.3 (12.6) 0.55
BMI (kg/m2), mean (sd) 26.6 (4.2) 26.2 (4.1) 0.13 27.0 (3.9) 26.8 (3.8) 0.61
Waist circumference (cm), mean (sd) 89.8 (12.8) 88.3 (12.9) 0.02 90.4 (11.5) 89.3 (10.8) 0.38
Hip circumference (cm), mean (sd) 101.8 (8.6) 101.1 (8.3) 0.2 103.5 (8.8) 102.6 (6.9) 0.33
Waist–hip ratio, mean (sd) 0.9 (0.1) 0.9 (0.1) 0.01 0.9 (0.08) 0.9 (0.09) 0.79
Education level, n (%) 0.20 0.45
 Primary school or less 278 (44.4) 248 (39.6) 53 (47.3) 57 (50.9)
 Secondary school lower level 142 (22.7) 166 (26.5) 33 (29.5) 28 (25.0)
 Secondary school higher level 73 (11.7) 79 (12.6) 1 (0.9) 5 (4.5)
 College/University degree 113 (18.1) 116 (18.5) 6 (5.4) 13 (11.6)
Smoking status, n (%) <0.01 0.08
 Never 233 (37.2) 287 (45.9) 40 (35.7) 48 (42.9)
 Past 183 (29.2) 201 (32.1) 36 (32.1) 43 (38.4)
 Current 201 (32.1) 133 (21.3) 26 (32.1) 21 (18.8)
Age start smoking (years), mean (sd) 20.1 (6.5) 20.3 (6.4) 0.43 22.8 (8.5) 21.0 (8.1) 0.79
Duration of smoking (years), mean (sd) 29.4 (12.0) 27.4 (12.9) 0.19 32.5 (14.7) 29.6 (14.8) 0.09
Time since quitting (years), mean (sd) 16.0 (11.5) 16.0 (10.3) 0.16 18.1 (11.6) 21.8 (13.2) 0.74
Smoking dose (cig/day), mean (sd) 15.7 (8.4) 16.3 (8.8) 0.35 10.9 (6.4) 10.2 (6.2) 0.16
Smoking habits combined, n (%) <0.01 0.15
 Never 233 (37.2) 287 (45.9) 40 (35.7) 48 (42.9)
 Former, time since quitting >15 yrs 87 (13.9) 89 (14.2) 18 (16.1) 27 (24.1)
 Former, time since quitting 0–15 yrs 90 (14.4) 103 (16.5) 15 (13.4) 14 (12.5)
 Current, 0–15 cig/day 97 (15.5) 60 (9.6) 27 (24.1) 17 (15.2)
 Current, >15 cig/day 80 (12.8) 52 (8.3) 7 (6.3) 1 (0.9)
 Former/current, quitting/dose unknown 30 (4.8) 30 (4.8) 5 (4.5) 5 (4.5)
Physical activity, n (%) 0.53 0.59
 Inactive 174 (27.8) 184 (29.4) 12 (10.7) 12 (10.7)
 Active 432 (69.0) 426 (68.1) 73 (65.2) 80 (71.4)
Diabetes, yes, n (%) 45 (7.2) 28 (4.5) 0.03 4 (3.6) 7 (6.3) 0.37
Vitamin D status
 Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L), mean (sd) 60.0 (27.3) 59.4 (27.1) 0.57 70.7 (23.8) 64.7 (20.3) 0.05
Quintiles of serum 25(OH)D 0.35 0.18
 Q1, n (%) 118 (18.9) 139 (22.2) 9 (8.0) 9 (8.0)
 Q2, n (%) 144 (23.0) 126 (20.1) 13 (11.6) 21 (18.8)
 Q3, n (%) 131 (21.0) 121 (19.3) 26 (23.2) 26 (23.2)
 Q4, n (%) 105 (16.8) 118 (18.9) 23 (20.5) 31 (27.7)
 Q5, n (%) 128 (20.5) 122 (19.5) 41 (36.6) 25 (22.3)
Predefined cut‐points of serum 25(OH)D 0.90 0.26
 ≤25 nmol/L, n(%) 33 (5.3) 39 (6.2) 1 (0.9) 4 (3.6)
 >25 to 50 nmol/L, n (%) 214 (34.2) 216 (34.5) 20 (17.9) 21 (18.8)
 >50 to 75 nmol/L, n (%) 233 (37.2) 232 (37.1) 46 (41.1) 56 (50.0)
 >75 to 100 nmol/L, n (%) 92 (14.7) 90 (14.4) 33 (29.5) 25 (22.3)
 > 100 nmol/L, n (%) 54 (8.6) 49 (7.8) 12 (10.7) 6 (5.4)
Dietary variables
Alcohol (g/day)b 6.0 (0.9–19.3) 5.7 (1.1–17.9) 0.64 1.4 (0.0–4.3) 0.7 (0.0–2.9) 0.13
Any vitamin use, n (%) 0.36 0.22
 Yes 211 (33.7) 222 (35.5) 12 (10.7) 11 (9.8)
 No 337 (53.8) 323 (51.6) 11 (9.8) 17 (15.2)
a

p Values for differences in means between cases and controls were determined by paired t test, whereas differences in categorical variables were determined by conditional logistic regression. No p values were determined for years of follow‐up, age at recruitment, sex, residential region, country, season of blood collection, fasting status, and use of pill/HRT/ERT at blood collection, because these variables were used for matching.

b

Median (p25–p75).