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. 2018 Feb 14;8:3000. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20877-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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High-throughput phenotyping of whole cell biocatalysts employing buoyancy modulation markers. (a) Assays based on selection or on screening can be adapted to buoyancy separation. In both cases, the amount of catalase marker in an nLR needs to become larger than a critical threshold in order to make an nLR (and the strain variant residing within) ascend. This can be achieved by varying the biomass level (selection scenario) or the expression level (screening scenario). Scale bar: 200 µm. (b) Separation workflow. (I) Single library cells are encapsulated into nLRs. (II) The nLRs are incubated in growth medium until microcolonies are formed. (III) H₂O₂ is added and microcolony-containing nLRs with a catalase amount beyond the threshold ascend within a few seconds due to the formation of an O₂-filled gas chamber within their interior (see inset and Supplementary Video 1). Scale bar: 150 µm.