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. 2018 Feb 14;8:3056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21125-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed mechanism of action of GPs. After oral administration of GE, the free GPs form glucuronide conjugates in stomach, intestine, and liver. These conjugates enter the systemic circulation and get accumulated in various tissues. Once in the tissues, the conjugates are deconjugated to release the free active forms via the action of the β-glucuronidase enzyme that is expressed in high amounts in the tumor cells compared to normal cells, thus showing pharmacological effect.