EXHIBIT 1.

Community-level geomarkers specific to the health service, physical, economic, and psychosocial environments and potential interventions that could be relevant at the population or patient level

Health service environment	Physical environment	Economic environment	Psychosocial environment
GEOMARKERS
Distance to pharmacy Live within “pharmacy desert” Pharmacy quality metric Distance to primary care Live within undeserved area Vehicle availability Public transport availability	Housing code violations Vacancy rate Renter rate Home value Crowding/population density Exposure to pollution	Poverty rate Household income Home ownership Car ownership Educational attainment	Crime rate Mental health access
INTERVENTIONS
Medication delivery Care coordination Community health worker Home nurse visitation Medicaid rides Telemedicine	Housing inspection Legal advocacy Air conditioning or filtration Development of affordable housing	Financial services Medicaid rides Legal advocacy Public benefit procurement Community health worker Community agency referrals	Community health worker Community agency referrals Resilience training Community partnerships

SOURCE Authors’ contributions.