Figure 1.

The magnitude and pace of alpine plant community turnover with climate change will be influenced by rates of species dispersal from lower elevations (“dispersal lags”), their rates of establishment and population growth in alpine communities (“establishment lags”) and extinction rates of resident alpine species (“extinction lags”). We include factors highlighted by our review that will increase (pointed arrows) or decrease (flat arrows) the magnitude of lags (factors related to focal species physiology and demography, biotic interactions, and the physical environment coloured orange, green and blue, respectively, in the online version).