Table 2.
Characteristics of 30,838 Insured Patients with Diabetes by Ethnicity, English Language Proficiency, and Patient-Physician Language Concordance
| Patient/Physician Characteristics | Ethnicity and English Language Proficiency | Among LEP Latino | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| White | English-speaking Latino | LEP Latino | Language concordant | Language discordant | |
| n=21878 | n=5755 | n=3205 | n=1610 | n=1595 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| |||||
| Patient Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.7 (12.3) | 56.2 (13.6)a | 55.5 (13.3)bc | 55.6 (13.3) | 55.5 (13.2) |
|
| |||||
| Men | 11702 (53.5) | 3060 (53.2) | 1711 (53.4) | 841 (52.2) | 870 (54.5) |
|
| |||||
| Neighborhood Deprivation Index | |||||
| 1st Quartile (least deprived) | 5337 (24.8) | 752 (13.2)a | 216 (6.8)bc | 116 (7.3) | 100 (6.3) |
| 2nd Quartile | 6775 (31.4) | 1332 (23.4) | 511 (16.1) | 256 (16.1) | 255 (16.1) |
| 3rd Quartile | 6080 (28.2) | 1724 (30.3) | 948 (29.9) | 451 (28.4) | 497 (31.4) |
| 4th Quartile (most deprived) | 3357 (15.6) | 1874 (33.0) | 1495 (47.2) | 765 (48.2) | 730 (46.1) |
|
| |||||
| Charlson co-morbidity index | |||||
| < 1 | 5231 (23.9) | 1705 (29.6)a | 1033 (32.2)bc | 496 (30.8) | 537 (33.7) |
| 1 to < 2 | 7146 (32.7) | 2084 (36.2) | 1288 (40.2) | 652 (40.5) | 636 (39.9) |
| 2 to < 3 | 4894 (22.4) | 1208 (21.0) | 594 (18.5) | 303 (18.8) | 291 (18.2) |
| 3 or more | 4607 (21.1) | 758 (13.2) | 290 (9.0) | 159 (9.9) | 131 (8.2) |
|
| |||||
| Depression | 5046 (23.1) | 894 (15.5)a | 418 (13.0)bc | 243 (15.1) | 175 (11.0)d |
|
| |||||
| # Chronic (non-diabetic) medications dispensed, mean (SD) | 4.8 (3.1) | 3.6 (2.8)a | 3.0 (2.4)bc | 3.1 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.4) |
|
| |||||
| Out-of-pocket medication cost, mean (SD) | 113.5 (153.2) | 70.5 (104.1)a | 61.1 (88.2)bc | 63.9 (98.1) | 58.3 (76.7) |
|
| |||||
| Oral hypoglycemics | |||||
| Sulfonylureas | 8578 (39.2) | 2140 (37.2)a | 1178 (36.8)b | 608 (37.8) | 570 (35.7) |
| Biguanides | 7932 (36.3) | 2241 (38.9)a | 1275 (39.8)b | 663 (41.2) | 612 (38.4) |
| Other | 1905 (8.7) | 427 (7.4)a | 224 (7.0)b | 116 (7.2) | 108 (6.8) |
|
| |||||
| Insulin | 1510 (6.9) | 364 (6.3) | 132 (4.1)bc | 73 (4.5) | 59 (3.7) |
|
| |||||
| No diabetes medications in year prior to index date | 9733 (44.5) | 2569 (44.6) | 1445 (45.1) | 698 (43.4) | 747 (46.8)d |
|
| |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD) | 8.11 (1.82) | 8.65 (2.03)a | 8.76 (2.10)bc | 8.76 (2.09) | 8.76 (2.11) |
|
| |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c ≥ 9.0% | 4899 (24.4) | 1885 (35.9)a | 1075 (37.0)b | 545 (37.1) | 530 (36.9) |
|
| |||||
| Provider Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 45.1 (8.1) | 44.6 (7.8)a | 43.6 (7.9)bc | 43.4 (7.3) | 43.8 (8.6) |
|
| |||||
| Men | 12950 (59.2) | 3184 (55.3)a | 1733 (54.1)b | 827 (51.4) | 906 (56.8)d |
|
| |||||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 10337 (47.2) | 1914 (33.3)a | 890 (27.8)bc | 291 (18.1) | 599 (37.6)d |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1567 (7.2) | 768 (13.3) | 1356 (42.3) | 1163 (72.2) | 193 (12.1) |
| African American | 915 (4.2) | 275 (4.8) | 86 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 86 (5.4) |
| Asian | 8622 (39.4) | 2634 (45.8) | 826 (25.8) | 155 (9.6) | 671 (42.1) |
| Other/Unknown | 437 (2.0) | 164 (2.8) | 47 (1.5) | 1 (0.1) | 46 (2.9) |
Neighborhood Deprivation Index, oral hypoglycemics, insulin, and no diabetes medication use were measured for the year prior to the first index date.
Abbreviations: LEP: limited English proficient; Language concordant: LEP patient with language concordant primary care provider; Language discordant: LEP patient with language discordant primary care provider.
Whites vs. English-speaking Latinos: p-value < 0.05
Whites vs. LEP Latinos: p-value < 0.05
English-speaking Latino vs. LEP Latino: p-value < 0.05
LEP concordant vs. LEP discordant: p-value < 0.05
For categorical variables, p-values are reflective across all comparison groups.