Table 1. Characteristics of women at enrolment and infants by duration of in utero exposure to tenofovir.
| Duration of TDF exposure (weeks) | TOTAL (N=464) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 12 (n=144) | 12-22 (n=203) | > 22 (n=117) | ||
| MATERNAL | ||||
| Age (years) | 27 (24-32) | 28 (24 – 32) | 27 (25 – 31) | 28 (24-32) |
| Height (cm) | 159 (154 – 163) | 156 (153-160) | 157 (153 – 161) | 157 (153.5 – 161) |
| Anemia prior to ART initiation (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL) | 29.6% (40) | 20.5% (41) | 8.8% (10) | 20.3% (91) |
| HIV viral load (log10 copies/mL) prior to ARTinitiation | 3.9 (3.3 – 4.5) | 4.2 (3.7 – 4.7) | 4.0 (3.5 – 4.3) | 4.0 (3.5 – 4.6) |
| HIV viral load <50 copies/mL at delivery | 59.0% (85) | 78.8% (160) | 90.6% (106) | 75.7% (361) |
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 356 (255 – 539) | 345 (220 – 492) | 337 (251 – 487) | 346 (235 – 502) |
| SES categories: | ||||
| Lowest | 34.7% (50) | 28.5% (58) | 23% (27) | 29% (135) |
| Moderate | 31.3% (45) | 38% (77) | 35% (41) | 35% (163) |
| Highest | 34% (49) | 33.5% (68) | 42% (49) | 36% (166) |
| AUDIT-C: Above threshold for hazardous drinking during the first 6 months postpartum | 11.9% (14) | 10.1% (19) | 8.2% (8) | 10.2% (41) |
| INFANT | ||||
| Duration of TDF exposure (weeks) | 7.3 (4.2-10.4) | 17.1 (15.1 – 19.1) | 25.3 (23.1 – 26.5) | 16.7 (11.0-21.9) |
| Male sex | 53% (77) | 45% (92) | 53% (62) | 50% (231) |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39 (37–40) | 39 (38-40) | 39 (38-40) | 39 (38-40) |
| Premature delivery | ||||
| 34-37 completed weeks | 9.0% (13) | 6.9% (14) | 7.7% (9) | 7.8% (36) |
| < 34 completed weeks | 9.0% (13) | 2.5% (5) | 0.0% (0) | 3.9% (18) |
| Duration of any breastfeeding (months) | 7.6 (2.2 – 12.1) | 7.0 (2.2 – 12.2) | 5.3 (2.1 – 12.1) | 6.6 (2.2 – 12.2) |
| Length at birth (cm) | 49 (47 – 51) | 49 (48 – 52) | 49.5 (48 – 51) | 49 (48 – 51) |
| LAZ1 | 0.23 (-0.78 to 1.32) | 0.44 (-0.78 to 1.47) | 0.30 (-0.60 to 1.47) | 0.32 (-0.77 to 1.46) |
| Stunted (LAZ<-2SD) | 5.8% (7) | 4.9% (9) | 9.2% (10) | 6.3% (26) |
| Weight at birth (kg) | 3.08 (2.7 – 3.4) | 3.12 (2.8 – 3.4) | 3.2 (2.9 – 3.4) | 3.15 (2.76 – 3.4) |
| WAZ1 | 0.03 (-0.84 to 0.52) | -0.26 (-0.80 to 0.43) | -0.02 (-0.59 to 0.48) | -0.10 (-0.80 to 0.48) |
| Underweight (WAZ<-2SD) | 3.8% (5) | 2.6% (5) | 2.6% (3) | 2.9% (13) |
Values are median (IQR) or column % (n); TDF, tenofovir (exposure calculated from day of antiretroviral therapy initiation until day of birth); ART, triple antiretroviral therapy; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for hazardous drinking (questions 1-3); LAZ – length-for-age Z-score: SD – standard deviation; WAZ – weight-for-age Z-score;
1
Calculated using Fenton growth charts (adjusted for gestational age and sex)