Table 3.

Incremental effects of monolingual versus bilingual status on cognitive trajectory components in the overall sample (N=1499/). Results are from models in which monolingual –bilingual status was entered along with age, gender, and education as covariates (covariate effects not shown). Reference values refer to females 70 years of age tested in English with 8 years of education who are monolingual English speakers. 3MS and VM have a mean of 100 and SD of 15.

Cognitive Trajectory Component	Independent Variable	Estimate	SE	p
3MS Baseline	Average - Reference	105.23	0.61	0.001
3MS Baseline	Monolingual Spanish Speaker *	−4.08	0.82	0.001
3MS Baseline	Bilingual *	−0.67	0.63	0.289
3MS Slope	Average - Reference	0.04	0.12	0.755
3MS Slope	Monolingual Spanish Speaker *	0.00	0.15	0.981
3MS Slope	Bilingual *	−0.15	0.12	0.213
VM Baseline	Average - Reference	104.46	0.65	0.001
VM Baseline	Monolingual Spanish Speaker *	−1.17	0.90	0.192
VM Baseline	Bilingual *	−0.39	0.73	0.592
VM Slope	Average - Reference	−0.63	0.13	0.001
VM Slope	Monolingual Spanish Speaker *	0.25	0.17	0.135
VM Slope	Bilingual *	0.17	0.13	0.213

^*Difference from reference mean.