Table 5.
Sand and algae exposure by age category
| Overall n (%) |
Under 1 n (%) |
1–3 n (%) |
4–7 n (%) |
8–12 n (%) |
13–18 n (%) |
19–34 n (%) |
35 and Up n (%) |
χ2 p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freshwatera | |||||||||
| Sand Exposure | |||||||||
| Digging in sand | 8,975 (43.9) | 56 (33.0) | 915 (86.3) | 1,523 (87.8) | 1,641 (77.2) | 764 (41.4) | 1,891 (34.6) | 2,185 (27.2) | <0.01 |
| Body buried in sand | 2,172 (10.6) | 11 (6.4) | 239 (22.6) | 527 (30.4) | 581 (27.3) | 204 (11.0) | 331 (6.1) | 279 (3.5) | <0.01 |
| Algae/Seaweed Exposure | |||||||||
| Touched or had contact with algae/seaweed | 370 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (2.6) | 63 (3.7) | 110 (5.2) | 34 (1.8) | 55 (1.0) | 81 (1.0) | <0.01 |
| Marine waterb | |||||||||
| Sand Exposure | |||||||||
| Digging in sand | 17,057 (36.4) | 93 (26.8) | 1,917 (71.8) | 3,238 (76.4) | 3,196 (59.6) | 1,293 (32.4) | 3,014 (28.2) | 4,306 (22.0) | <0.01 |
| Body buried in sand | 2,390 (7.1) | 8 (3.8) | 291 (11.8) | 634 (16.4) | 611 (13.9) | 233 (8.5) | 301 (3.9) | 312 (2.5) | <0.01 |
| Sand in mouth c | 4,693 (12.8) | 83 (24.7) | 867 (18.5) | 886 (18.9) | 732 (15.6) | 345 (7.4) | 781 (16.6) | 999 (21.3) | <0.01 |
| Was sand wet? c | 6,640 (49.3) | 37 (39.8) | 712 (47.0) | 1,430 (55.4) | 1,369 (55.9) | 502 (50.1) | 874 (38.8) | 1,716 (48.2) | <0.01 |
| Eat/drink after playing in sand d | 3,049 (57.2) | 21 (51.2) | 324 (60.1) | 499 (57.0) | 491 (56.8) | 251 (58.8) | 555 (54.2) | 908 (58.1) | 0.28 |
| Wash hands after playing in sand c | 4,437 (39.9) | 31 (43.1) | 524 (40.6) | 885 (40.5) | 790 (38.2) | 338 (41.2) | 689 (38.8) | 1,180 (40.6) | 0.50 |
| Algae/Seaweed Exposure | |||||||||
| Touched or had contact with algae/seaweed | 4,930 (10.5) | 13 (3.8) | 396 (14.9) | 860 (20.4) | 953 (17.8) | 454 (11.4) | 838 (7.9) | 1,416 (7.3) | <0.01 |
| Seaweed/algae in mouth e | 246 (1.3) | 6 (3.7) | 23 (2.3) | 38 (2.1) | 43 (2.0) | 23 (1.4) | 45 (1.0) | 68 (0.8) | <0.01 |
| Wash hands after touching algae/seaweed f | 1,257 (32.0) | 3 (30.0) | 107 (33.9) | 255 (36.0) | 250 (33.8) | 100 (27.0) | 178 (27.7) | 364 (32.0) | 0.01 |
a
Huntington, Silver, Washington Park, West
b
Avalon, Doheny, Edgewater, Fairhope, Goddard, Malibu, Mission Bay, and Surfside
c
Only collected on a subset of samples from Avalon, Doheny, Edgewater, Fairhope, Goddard, Malibu, and Surfside
d
Only collected on a subset of samples from Fairhope, Goddard, and Surfside
e
Only collected on a subset of samples from Avalon, Doheny, Malibu, and Surfside
f
Only collected on a subset of samples from Avalon, Doheny, Fairhope, Goddard, Malibu, and Surfside