Table 1.

Characteristics of study subjects

	Hyaluronate	Hyaluronate plus
	group	tramadol group
N of subjects	16	14
Age	54.6 $\pm$ 5.8	55.9 $\pm$ 5.8
Gender (male/female)	11/5	9/5
Affected side (right/left)	10/6	9/5
Duration of symptom (months)	3.9 $\pm$ 1.8	4.0 $\pm$ 1.6
Baseline VAS	7.3 $\pm$ 1.2	7.0 $\pm$ 1.5
Baseline ROM
Flexion	141.4 $\pm$ 19.7	140.1 $\pm$ 19.7
Abduction	129.4 $\pm$ 23.3	130.4 $\pm$ 24.9
External rotation	55.0 $\pm$ 15.1	55.2 $\pm$ 16.2
Internal rotation	53.8 $\pm$ 17.3	52.3 $\pm$ 16.9
Baseline SPADI	70.3 $\pm$ 18.7	71.6 $\pm$ 17.5

Mean $\pm$ SD. SD, standard deviation.