Figure 1.

A, Flow diagram outlining the proposed workflow for hyperpolarized ¹³C dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a two‐dimensional Echo planar trajectory. The phase correction coefficients α and β can be searched for in individual images, for example the image with the highest signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), or in summed images from the entire time series. The individual slice phase correction coefficients are then applied to the corresponding slices in the other images in the dynamic acquisition. B, Echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence for ¹³C imaging. The ¹³C reference scan used the same sequence, except that the phase‐encoding gradients were turned off. The same gradients for the ¹³C reference scan were also used for the ¹H reference scan. C, EPI sequence for ¹³C imaging with integrated reference echoes. Three reference echoes, without phase‐encoding gradients, were acquired before the regular acquisition train, with a refocusing lobe in between. RF, radiofrequency