Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants With Type 2 Diabetes, MetS, or Neither Conditiona.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 6751) |
Neither (n = 4132) |
MetS (n = 1738) |
Total (Diabetes and Diabetes Plus MetS) (n = 881) |
Diabetes Only (n = 191) |
Diabetes and MetS (n = 690) |
P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 62.2 (10.2) | 61.2 (10.4) | 63.0 (10.0) | 64.7 (9.5) | 64.6 (10.0) | 64.8 (9.3) | <.001 |
| Male | 3186 (47.2) | 2011 (48.7) | 717 (41.3) | 458 (52.0) | 139 (72.8) | 319 (46.2) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 2600 (38.5) | 1737 (42.0) | 695 (40.0) | 168 (19.1) | 33 (17.3) | 135 (19.6) | <.001 |
| African American | 1858 (27.5) | 1085 (26.3) | 440 (25.3) | 333 (37.8) | 38 (19.9) | 67 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Chinese | 800 (11.9) | 534 (12.9) | 161 (9.3) | 105 (11.9) | 73 (38.2) | 260 (37.7) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1493 (22.1) | 766 (18.8) | 442 (25.4) | 275 (31.2) | 47 (34.6) | 228 (33.0) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 880 (13.0) | 531 (12.9) | 232 (13.3) | 117 (13.3) | 28 (14.7) | 89 (12.9) | .85 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 126.6 (21.5) | 122.2 (20.6) | 133.7 (20.7) | 133.1 (22.0) | 125.5 (18.7) | 135.2 (22.3) | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 194.1 (35.7) | 194.2 (34.0) | 196.9 (37.2) | 188.6 (39.6) | 184.6 (34.0) | 189.6 (41.0) | <.001 |
| HDL-C level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 51.0 (14.8) | 55.3 (15.1) | 43.1 (10.2) | 46.1 (13.2) | 53.3 (12.8) | 44.1 (12.2) | <.001 |
| BMI | 28.3 (5.5) | 26.8 (4.9) | 30.9 (5.2) | 30.6 (5.8) | 26.4 (4.2) | 31.7 (5.7) | <.001 |
| Waist circumstance, mean (SD), cm | 98.1 (14.4) | 93.6 (13.2) | 105.5 (12.4) | 104.9 (14.5) | 93.8 (10.9) | 108.0 (13.9) | <.001 |
| Prevalence of high waist circumstance | 3650 (54.1) | 1573 (38.1) | 1474 (84.8) | 603 (68.4) | 30 (15.7) | 573 (83.0) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.2 (18.5) | 81.1 (17.5) | 78.9 (17.0) | 85.9 (23.9) | 90.6 (20.8) | 84.6 (24.5) | <.001 |
| eGFR<30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 23 (0.3) | 6 (0.1) | 8 (0.5) | 9 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (1.3) | <.001 |
| 10-Year Framingham Risk Score for CHD, mean (SD), % | 14.5 (9.6) | 11.6 (8.6) | 16.8 (9.1) | 23.2 (8.2) | 15.9 (10.7) | 19.1 (11.3) | <.001 |
| 10-Year ASCVD risk from PCE, mean (SD), % | 13.5 (13.2) | 10.5 (10.7) | 14.2 (11.5) | 26.4 (17.9) | 22.4 (16.0) | 27.5 (18.3) | <.001 |
| Insulin use in patients with diabetes | NA | NA | NA | 117 (13.3) | 24 (12.6) | 93 (13.5) | NA |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 1092 (16.2) | 529 (12.8) | 319 (18.4) | 244 (27.7) | 44 (23.0) | 201 (29.2) | <.001 |
| Statin use | 1003 (14.9) | 491 (11.9) | 288 (16.6) | 224 (25.5) | 42 (22) | 182 (26.5) | <.001 |
| Hypertension medication usec | 2505 (37.1) | 1039 (25.1) | 911 (52.4) | 555 (63.0) | 67 (35.1) | 488 (70.7) | <.001 |
| Diuretics | 1109 (16.4) | 425 (10.3) | 442 (25.4) | 242 (27.5) | 20 (10.5) | 222 (32.2) | <.001 |
| ACEI | 876 (13.0) | 304 (7.4) | 278 (16.0) | 294 (33.4) | 38 (19.9) | 256 (37.1) | <.001 |
| ARB | 359 (5.3) | 130 (3.1) | 129 (7.4) | 100 (11.4) | 13 (6.8) | 87 (12.6) | <.001 |
| β-Blocker | 6.45 (9.6) | 252 (6.1) | 280 (16.1) | 113 (12.8) | 11 (5.8) | 102 (14.8) | <.001 |
| CCB | 822 (12.2) | 349 (8.4) | 286 (16.5) | 187 (21.2) | 27 (14.1) | 160 (23.2) | <.001 |
| CAC score, mean (SD), | 145.9 (417.5) | 117.7 (362.7) | 157.3 (419.0) | 255.9 (597.5) | 281.4 (702.7) | 248.8 (565.3) | <.001 |
| Log-transformed CAC score, mean (SD) | 2.2 (2.5) | 1.9 (2.4) | 2.4 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.7) | <.001 |
| CAC score category | |||||||
| 0 | 3380 (50.1) | 2272 (55.0) | 779 (44.8) | 329 (37.3) | 71 (37.2) | 258 (37.4) | <.001 |
| 1-99 | 1782 (26.4) | 1037 (25.1) | 498 (28.7) | 247 (28.0) | 54 (28.3) | 193 (28.0) | |
| 100-399 | 919 (13.6) | 494 (12.0) | 278 (16.0) | 147 (16.7) | 32 (16.8) | 115 (16.7) | |
| ≥400 | 670 (9.9) | 329 (8.0) | 183 (10.5) | 158 (17.9) | 34 (17.8) | 124 (18.0) | |
| Follow-up time, mean (SD), y | 11.1 (3.0) | 11.4 (2.6) | 11.0 (2.8) | 10.3 (3.6) | 10.6 (3.4) | 10.2 (3.6) | <.001 |
| CHD events | 356 (5.3) | 157 (3.8) | 115 (6.6) | 84 (9.5) | 15 (7.9) | 69 (10.0) | <.001 |
| ASCVD events | 560 (8.3) | 250 (6.1) | 175 (10.1) | 135 (15.3) | 22 (11.5) | 113 (16.4) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared); CAC, coronary artery calcium; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CHD, coronary heart disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NA, not applicable; PCE, pooled cohort equation; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
SI conversion factors: To convert total cholesterol and HDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Data are presented as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
P value represents test for differences among 3 main disease groups (diabetes, MetS, and neither condition).
Some patients were taking multiple classes of medications, and the percentages may not represent the total number of patients taking antihypertensive medications.