Table 2. Patient Characteristics Overall and in Annual Hospital Volume–Based Tertiles for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) and Mitral Valve (MV) Replacement or Repair.
| Variable | SAVR | MV Replacement or Repair | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P Value | Overall | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P Value | |
| No. of patients | 70295 | 6063 | 15908 | 48324 | NA | 36950 | 2730 | 7361 | 26859 | NA |
| Patient Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 68.7 (13.1) |
68.0 (12.7) |
68.3 (12.9) |
68.9 (13.2) |
NA | 64.5 (13.4) |
64.7 (12.8) |
64.7 (13.1) |
64.4 (13.5) |
NA |
| Female, % | 37.3 | 37.9 | 37.8 | 37.0 | .06 | 47.9 | 50.2 | 48.7 | 47.4 | .002 |
| Age >65 y, % | 67.9 | 66.4 | 67.0 | 68.4 | <.001 | 54.5 | 54.5 | 54.9 | 54.3 | .55 |
| Race, % | ||||||||||
| White | 69.2 | 63.2 | 66.4 | 70.9 | <.001 | 61.9 | 57.3 | 64.5 | 61.7 | <.001 |
| Black | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 7.7 | ||
| Other | 9.5 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 8.5 | 11.6 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 11.1 | ||
| Missing or unknown | 17.0 | 19.7 | 17.2 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 21.8 | 16.0 | 19.5 | ||
| Comorbid Conditions, % | ||||||||||
| Heart failure | 6.4 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 6.1 | <.001 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 9.1 | .01 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 17.5 | 14.4 | 15.6 | 18.6 | <.001 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.9 | .09 |
| COPD | 18.2 | 20.9 | 19.1 | 17.5 | <.001a | 17.8 | 19.9 | 20.1 | 17.0 | <.001a |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | .89 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | .61 |
| Hypertension | 62.4 | 61.6 | 62.6 | 62.4 | .89 | 50.8 | 50.8 | 51.3 | 50.7 | .62 |
| Obesity | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 11.5 | .07 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 7.4 | .65 |
| Weight loss | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 3.7 | <.001 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.3 | .004 |
| Paralysis | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | .15 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | .04 |
| Other neurological disorders | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | .96 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | .13 |
| Diabetes without complications | 21.5 | 24.0 | 22.4 | 20.9 | <.001 | 14.8 | 16.8 | 15.9 | 14.3 | <.001a |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | .15 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.3 | .47 |
| Hypothyroidism | 9.5 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.7 | .004 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | .67 |
| Renal failure | 12.8 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 13.0 | .08 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 12.6 | .96 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 26.5 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 27.4 | <.001 | 28.8 | 27.9 | 27.2 | 29.4 | .002 |
| Liver disease | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | .002a | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | .18 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.8 | .02a | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.5 | <.001a |
| Drug abuse | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | <.001a | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | .12 |
| Psychoses | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | .02a | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.4 | .001a |
| Depression | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 4.5 | .51 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 4.7 | .34 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.4 | .27 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | .35 |
| Iron deficiency anemia | 16.5 | 19.2 | 17.9 | 15.8 | <.001a | 15.9 | 18.8 | 16.2 | 15.6 | <.001 |
| AIDS | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .60 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .82 |
| Lymphoma | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | .13 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | .85 |
| Metastatic cancer | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .56 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .29 |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | .03 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 | .58 |
| Coagulopathy | 21.7 | 20.4 | 21.9 | 21.8 | .09 | 21.3 | 19.4 | 21.0 | 21.6 | .01 |
| Rheumatologic diseases | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | .25 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | .004 |
| History | ||||||||||
| Prior MI | 5.7 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.8 | .02 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | .03 |
| Prior PCI | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.4 | .28 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.5 | .001 |
| Prior CABG | 4.7 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 4.9 | <.001 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.4 | .48 |
| Admission, % | ||||||||||
| Elective | 67.0 | 66.4 | 65.2 | 67.7 | <.001 | 62.9 | 58.0 | 62.4 | 63.5 | <.001 |
| Procedure, % | ||||||||||
| Intra-aortic balloon pump | 4.7 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.3 | <.001a | 9.0 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 8.1 | <.001a |
| Length of Stay, d | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 11.1 (10.0) | 11.3 (9.9) | 11.1 (9.4) | 11.0 (10.2) | NA | 13.1 (12.4) | 13.3 (11.0) | 13.4 (12.2) | 13.0 (12.6) | NA |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not applicable; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
a
P value for negative trend.