Table 2. Multivitamin Use and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Events and Total Mortality by Categories of Baseline Food Intake.
| Variable | No. | HR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major CVD Eventsa | Total MIs | Total Strokes | Ischemic Strokes | CVD Mortality | Total Mortality | ||
| Fruits and Vegetables, Servings/db | |||||||
| <3.4 | 4438 | 1.11 (0.92-1.33) |
1.04 (0.78-1.39) |
1.26 (0.93-1.69) |
1.23 (0.89-1.70) |
0.98 (0.74-1.30) |
0.99 (0.85-1.15) |
| 3.4 to <5.1 | 4435 | 1.08 (0.90-1.29) |
1.02 (0.77-1.35) |
1.14 (0.86-1.52) |
1.20 (0.88-1.64) |
0.99 (0.75-1.30) |
0.91 (0.78-1.05) |
| ≥5.1 | 4437 | 0.89 (0.75-1.05) |
0.78 (0.59-1.03) |
0.93 (0.70-1.23) |
0.92 (0.67-1.26) |
1.05 (0.82-1.33) |
0.98 (0.86-1.12) |
| P value for interaction | NA | .15 | .28 | .34 | .36 | .92 | .68 |
| Whole Grains, g/db | |||||||
| <15.3 | 4219 | 1.02 (0.85-1.22) |
0.81 (0.61-1.08) |
1.01 (0.75-1.34) |
1.14 (0.83-1.57) |
1.05 (0.81-1.36) |
0.93 (0.81-1.07) |
| 15.3 to <32.7 | 4220 | 1.00 (0.83-1.20) |
1.01 (0.75-1.36) |
1.11 (0.81-1.51) |
1.08 (0.77-1.52) |
0.90 (0.68-1.19) |
0.92 (0.79-1.07) |
| ≥32.7 | 4219 | 1.07 (0.90-1.28) |
1.01 (0.76-1.33) |
1.23 (0.92-1.65) |
1.17 (0.85-1.60) |
1.12 (0.85-1.47) |
1.05 (0.90-1.22) |
| P value for interaction | NA | .85 | .48 | .62 | .95 | .52 | .39 |
| Nuts, Servings/db | |||||||
| <0.07 | 3464 | 1.08 (0.89-1.31) |
0.91 (0.65-1.28) |
1.25 (0.92-1.69) |
1.33 (0.95-1.85) |
1.02 (0.77-1.35) |
1.00 (0.86-1.16) |
| 0.07 to <0.14 | 5743 | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) |
0.84 (0.65-1.08) |
1.19 (0.91-1.56) |
1.18 (0.88-1.58) |
1.11 (0.87-1.43) |
1.05 (0.92-1.21) |
| ≥0.14 | 3918 | 0.93 (0.77-1.12) |
1.12 (0.84-1.48) |
0.81 (0.60-1.11) |
0.78 (0.55-1.10) |
0.82 (0.62-1.08) |
0.83 (0.71-0.96) |
| P value for interaction | NA | .54 | .32 | .10 | .07 | .27 | .06 |
| Dairy Products, Servings/db | |||||||
| <1.4 | 4433 | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) |
0.88 (0.65-1.19) |
1.32 (0.96-1.80) |
1.28 (0.92-1.80) |
1.15 (0.85-1.57) |
0.99 (0.85-1.17) |
| 1.4 to <2.4 | 4410 | 1.13 (0.95-1.34) |
1.19 (0.90-1.58) |
1.10 (0.83-1.46) |
1.07 (0.79-1.46) |
1.10 (0.85-1.43) |
0.91 (0.78-1.05) |
| ≥2.4 | 4440 | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) |
0.79 (0.60-1.02) |
0.95 (0.73-1.26) |
1.03 (0.76-1.40) |
0.84 (0.66-1.07) |
0.97 (0.85-1.11) |
| P value for interaction | NA | .06 | .16 | .32 | .61 | .19 | .66 |
| Red and Processed Meats, Servings/db | |||||||
| <0.4 | 4334 | 0.95 (0.79-1.15) |
0.87 (0.64-1.18) |
1.11 (0.82-1.50) |
1.05 (0.75-1.47) |
0.91 (0.68-1.23) |
0.90 (0.77-1.06) |
| 0.4 to <0.9 | 4565 | 0.99 (0.83-1.18) |
1.04 (0.79-1.37) |
0.99 (0.74-1.33) |
1.05 (0.76-1.43) |
0.85 (0.65-1.10) |
0.91 (0.79-1.06) |
| ≥0.9 | 4369 | 1.08 (0.92-1.28) |
0.89 (0.68-1.17) |
1.18 (0.90-1.55) |
1.22 (0.90-1.65) |
1.24 (0.97-1.58) |
1.05 (0.92-1.19) |
| P value for interaction | NA | .59 | .64 | .70 | .72 | .09 | .26 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; MIs, myocardial infarctions; NA, not applicable.
a
Adjusted for age, Physicians’ Health Study cohort (original PHS I participant or new PHS II participant), and randomized treatment assignment (beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C).
b
We excluded men with a total energy intake outside of the range of 600 to 3500 kcal/d.