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. 2017 Apr 5;2(6):617–625. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0176

Table 3. Multivitamin Use and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Events and Total Mortality by Categories of Baseline Nutrient Intake.

Variable No. HR (95% CI)
Major CVD Eventsa Total MIs Total Strokes Ischemic Strokes CVD Mortality Total Mortality
Vitamin B6, mg/db
<1.86 4219 1.21
(1.00-1.47)		 1.36
(1.00-1.85)		 1.20
(0.87-1.66)		 1.40
(0.97-2.01)		 0.95
(0.71-1.26)		 0.97
(0.83-1.13)
1.86 to <2.36 4220 1.01
(0.85-1.22)		 0.86
(0.64-1.15)		 1.06
(0.79-1.40)		 0.97
(0.71-1.32)		 1.17
(0.89-1.56)		 0.97
(0.83-1.13)
≥2.36 4219 0.92
(0.77-1.09)		 0.74
(0.56-0.98)		 1.11
(0.84-1.47)		 1.14
(0.84-1.55)		 0.97
(0.75-1.25)		 0.96
(0.84-1.10)
P value for interaction NA .11 .01 .85 .33 .50 .99
Vitamin B12, µg/db
<4.76 4219 1.12
(0.92-1.37)		 1.14
(0.84-1.55)		 1.21
(0.87-1.67)		 1.32
(0.92-1.88)		 0.83
(0.60-1.15)		 0.85
(0.71-1.01)
4.76 to <7.94 4220 1.08
(0.91-1.30)		 0.95
(0.71-1.27)		 1.08
(0.82-1.44)		 1.00
(0.73-1.37)		 1.36
(1.03-1.79)		 1.13
(0.97-1.31)
≥7.94 4219 0.93
(0.78-1.10)		 0.79
(0.60-1.04)		 1.08
(0.81-1.42)		 1.14
(0.84-1.55)		 0.93
(0.73-1.18)		 0.93
(0.81-1.06)
P value for interaction NA .29 .21 .86 .53 .04 .04
Folate, µg/db
<427.5 4219 1.11
(0.92-1.34)		 1.04
(0.78-1.40)		 1.08
(0.81-1.45)		 1.11
(0.80-1.53)		 1.13
(0.85-1.49)		 1.03
(0.89-1.20)
427.5 to <512.9 4220 1.10
(0.91-1.32)		 1.01
(0.75-1.36)		 1.18
(0.87-1.61)		 1.24
(0.90-1.72)		 1.10
(0.84-1.44)		 0.90
(0.77-1.05)
≥512.9 4219 0.90
(0.76-1.08)		 0.80
(0.61-1.05)		 1.07
(0.80-1.43)		 1.06
(0.77-1.46)		 0.87
(0.67-1.14)		 0.97
(0.84-1.12)
P value for interaction NA .19 .36 .88 .78 .36 .47
Vitamin C, mg/db
<107.3 4219 1.13
(0.93-1.37)		 0.97
(0.73-1.30)		 1.07
(0.78-1.45)		 1.16
(0.82-1.63)		 1.25
(0.92-1.68)		 1.00
(0.86-1.18)
107.3 to <175.4 4220 1.07
(0.90-1.29)		 1.03
(0.76-1.39)		 1.23
(0.92-1.64)		 1.20
(0.87-1.65)		 0.97
(0.75-1.26)		 0.94
(0.82-1.09)
≥175.4 4219 0.91
(0.77-1.09)		 0.83
(0.63-1.10)		 1.04
(0.78-1.39)		 1.05
(0.77-1.44)		 0.93
(0.72-1.21)		 0.96
(0.83-1.11)
P value for interaction NA .23 .56 .70 .84 .31 .85
Vitamin D, IU/db
<126.1 4219 1.12
(0.91-1.37)		 1.03
(0.75-1.40)		 1.34
(0.96-1.89)		 1.50
(1.02-2.19)		 0.97
(0.71-1.33)		 0.89
(0.75-1.05)
126.1 to <217.4 4220 1.14
(0.95-1.36)		 0.99
(0.74-1.31)		 1.07
(0.81-1.41)		 1.06
(0.78-1.43)		 1.34
(1.03-1.74)		 1.04
(0.90-1.21)
≥217.4 4219 0.88
(0.74-1.04)		 0.83
(0.63-1.09)		 1.02
(0.77-1.34)		 1.01
(0.75-1.37)		 0.82
(0.64-1.06)		 0.96
(0.83-1.10)
P value for interaction NA .07 .54 .44 .25 .03 .37
Calcium, mg/db
<573.8 4219 1.03
(0.85-1.26)		 1.02
(0.76-1.38)		 1.13
(0.81-1.57)		 1.19
(0.83-1.71)		 0.86
(0.64-1.17)		 0.86
(0.73-1.01)
573.8 to <816.1 4220 1.08
(0.90-1.29)		 0.77
(0.58-1.03)		 1.29
(0.96-1.74)		 1.19
(0.86-1.63)		 1.32
(1.01-1.72)		 1.04
(0.89-1.20)
≥816.1 4219 0.98
(0.82-1.16)		 1.05
(0.79-1.38)		 0.97
(0.74-1.26)		 1.05
(0.77-1.41)		 0.91
(0.71-1.18)		 0.99
(0.87-1.14)
P value for interaction NA .72 .27 .36 .81 .07 .22
Magnesium, mg/db
<270.1 4219 1.11
(0.93-1.34)		 1.09
(0.81-1.47)		 1.17
(0.87-1.58)		 1.27
(0.91-1.78)		 0.91
(0.70-1.20)		 0.87
(0.75-1.01)
270.1 to <322 4220 1.00
(0.83-1.21)		 0.97
(0.73-1.29)		 1.06
(0.79-1.43)		 1.06
(0.77-1.46)		 1.21
(0.92-1.61)		 1.06
(0.91-1.24)
≥322 4219 0.98
(0.82-1.17)		 0.78
(0.59-1.04)		 1.11
(0.83-1.47)		 1.09
(0.79-1.50)		 0.97
(0.75-1.27)		 0.99
(0.85-1.14)
P value for interaction NA .56 .27 .91 .70 .33 .18

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; MIs, myocardial infarctions; NA, not applicable.

a

Adjusted for age, Physicians’ Health Study cohort (original PHS I participant or new PHS II participant), and randomized treatment assignment (beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C).

b

We excluded men with a total energy intake outside of the range of 600 to 3500 kcal/d.