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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 16.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 Apr 13;785:24–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.024

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit, but saturated fatty acid potentiates, LPS-induced nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Cells stably transfected with NFκB(5 ×) (a) or COX-2 promoter (b) reporter gene were pretreated with various concentrations of each fatty acid for 3 h. Cells were then treated with LPS (200 ng/ml). After 8 h, cell lysates were prepared and luciferase activities were determined. Data are expressed as a percentage of LPS treatment alone. Values are mean ± SEM (n=3). RLA, relative luciferase activity. (c): Cells were pretreated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (20 μM) or C12:0 (75 μM) for 3h and further stimulated with LPS (200 ng/ml for DHA; 1 ng/ml for C12:0). After 8 h, cell lysates were analyzed by COX-2 and actin immunoblotting. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3); EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3); AA, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6); LA, linoleic acid (C18:2n-6); OA, oleic acid (C18:1n-9); C12:0, lauric acid. (Lee et al., 2003).