Figure 5.

Normalized contribution of the individual terms in the column‐integrated precipitation budget (equation (1)) to the (top plot) maintenance and (bottom plot) propagation of the MSE anomalies for an MJO regressed over the western Pacific. The terms are obtained by projecting (top plot) $P\prime$ and (bottom) $\partial P\prime /\partial t$ onto the individual contributions to the MSE budget using equation (17). The individual contributions include (from left to right) surface latent heat fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, horizontal MSE advection, vertical MSE advection, column longwave radiative heating, column shortwave radiative heating, MSE tendency, the residual of the sum of the rhs terms in equation (1), and the sum of longwave heating and vertical MSE advection, defined as an estimate of the effective gross moist stability. The bars for each term corresponds to the simulations with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 times preindustrial levels of CO₂, with darker red shading indicating higher CO₂ concentrations.