Table 3.
Daily energy and nutrient intake of the subjects at baseline and after a 5-week dietary intervention
| Variable | BGW group (n=59) | Control group (n=51) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Energy, kcal | |||
| Baseline | 1,834.16 (1,742.43 to 1,925.89) | 2,032.43 (1,924.67 to 2,140.19) | 0.034 |
| 5-weeks | 1,735.33 (1,654.23 to 1,816.43) | 1,854.10 (1,756.71 to 1,951.49) | 0.154 |
| Change from baseline | −98.83 (−189.13 to −8.53) | −178.33 (−291.76 to −64.90) | 0.404 |
| Protein, g | |||
| Baseline | 37.72 (33.06 to 42.38) | 38.97 (34.19 to 43.75) | 0.594 |
| 5-weeks | 45.04 (40.10 to 49.98)a | 39.28 (35.08 to 43.48) | 0.012 |
| Change from baseline | 7.32 (2.22 to 12.42) | 0.31 (−4.66 to 5.28) | 0.006 |
| Protein, % of energy | |||
| Baseline | 12.25 (11.43 to 13.07) | 11.38 (10.65 to 12.12) | 0.052 |
| 5-weeks | 15.80 (15.09 to 16.51)a | 12.55 (11.83 to 13.27) | <0.001 |
| Change from baseline | 3.55 (2.51 to 4.59) | 1.17 (0.19 to 2.15) | <0.001 |
| Fat, g | |||
| Baseline | 57.30 (53.13 to 61.47) | 62.65 (57.34 to 67.96) | 0.253 |
| 5-weeks | 51.92 (49.23 to 54.61) | 54.34 (50.86 to 57.82) | 0.443 |
| Change from baseline | −5.38 (−9.32 to −1.44) | −8.31 (−13.73 to −2.89) | 0.517 |
| Fat, % of energy | |||
| Baseline | 19.00 (17.64 to 20.36) | 18.23 (17.05 to 19.41) | 0.531 |
| 5-weeks | 18.48 (17.62 to 19.34) | 17.42 (16.53 to 18.31) | 0.227 |
| Change from baseline | −0.51 (−1.68 to 0.66) | −0.82 (−1.96 to 0.34) | 0.815 |
| Carbohydrate, g | |||
| Baseline | 211.31 (194.52 to 228.09) | 239.27 (223.73 to 254.81) | 0.016 |
| 5-weeks | 183.83 (171.28 to 196.38) | 220.97 (204.36 to 237.58) | 0.001 |
| Change from baseline | −27.48 (−43.09 to −11.88) | −18.30 (−35.51 to −1.08) | 0.431 |
| Carbohydrate, % of energy | |||
| Baseline | 68.63 (66.84 to 70.43) | 70.44 (68.83 to 72.04) | 0.134 |
| 5-weeks | 64.42 (63.32 to 65.51)a | 69.80 (68.38 to 71.22) | <0.001 |
| Change from baseline | −4.22 (−5.99 to −2.44) | −0.64 (−2.47 to 1.20) | 0.006 |
| Dietary fiber, g | |||
| Baseline | 11.93 (10.50 to 13.37) | 13.26 (11.4 to 15.12) | 0.263 |
| 5-weeks | 20.49 (19.10 to 21.88)a | 11.23 (10.12 to 12.33)a | <0.001 |
| Change from baseline | 8.55 (7.10 to 10.00) | −2.03 (−3.89 to −0.18) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg | |||
| Baseline | 313.07 (254.44 to 371.71) | 261.78 (217.64 to 305.92) | 0.159 |
| 5-weeks | 347.90 (319.07 to 376.72) | 328.99 (296.59 to 361.38) | 0.386 |
| Change from baseline | 34.82 (−26.54 to 96.18) | 67.21 (20.16 to 114.26) | 0.397 |
| Fatty acids, g | |||
| Baseline | 41.83 (37.66 to 45.99) | 45.73 (40.42 to 51.04) | 0.253 |
| 5-weeks | 36.57 (33.88 to 39.26) | 38.28 (34.81 to 41.74) | 0.443 |
| Change from baseline | −5.26 (−9.20 to −1.31) | −7.46 (−12.88 to −2.03) | 0.517 |
Notes: Baseline and 5-weeks data are expressed as means ± SD. Differences of variables between groups are analyzed using the Student’s t-test. Changes from baseline are expressed as means (95% CI) adjusted for sex, age, and BMI at baseline, and baseline values of relevant outcome variables. Differences of variables between groups are analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, generalized linear model) test.
Difference is considered to be significant at P<0.05; within-group differences (baseline vs 5-weeks) are compared using the paired Student’s t-test if the between-group differences are significant.
Abbreviations: BGW, black-grained wheat; BMI, body mass index.