Table 5.
Effect of BGW intake on changes in metabolic parameters during the study period
| Variable | No BGW (n=51) | Low BGW (n=29) | High BGW (n=30) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose, mmol/L | −0.57 (−0.96 to −0.18) | −0.43 (−1.00 to 0.14) | −0.40 (−0.99 to 0.20) |
| HbA1c, % | −0.20 (−0.51 to 0.12) | −0.25 (−0.65 to 0.14) | −0.42 (−0.97 to 0.12) |
| GA, mmol/L | −0.95 (−1.42 to −0.48)a | −1.20 (−1.80 to −0.60)a | −2.65 (−3.65 to −1.66)b |
| Insulin, mU/L | −1.27 (−2.95 to 0.41) | −0.98 (−3.26 to 1.29) | −1.53 (−3.96 to 0.89) |
| HOMA-IR, µU×mol/L2 | −0.15 (−0.28 to −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.21 to 0.18) | −0.12 (−0.29 to 0.05) |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | −0.41 (−1.33 to 0.52) | −0.40 (−1.22 to 0.43) | 0.36 (−1.88 to 2.59) |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.53)a | −0.04 (−0.16 to 0.08)b | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13)b |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.33)a | 0.11 (−0.06 to 0.28)a,b | −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.12)b |
Notes: Glucose, HbA1c, GA, insulin, and hs-CRP are normally distributed variables. The variables of HOMA-IR, TNF-α, and IL-6 are transformed by the natural logarithm. No BGW, subjects do not eat BGW; Low BGW, intake of BGW is from 30 to 69 g/d; High BGW, intake of BGW is from 69 to 140 g/d; 69 g/d is the median of BGW intake in the BGW group. All data are mean (95% CI) adjusted for sex, age, BMI at baseline, and baseline values of the relevant outcome variables. Differences of change from baseline between groups are analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVAs, generalized linear model) test with post hoc analysis. Different superscript letters represent the statistical differences at P<0.05 among the groups.
Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BGW, black-grained wheat; GA, glycated albumin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.