Table 1.
Participant Characteristics at Baseline, Overall, and by Impairment in Activities of Daily Living Impairment Group
| Impairment in Activities of Daily Living at Baseline | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total (N = 1015) | Not Impaired (N = 837) | 1 Impaired Category (N = 115) | ≥2 Impaired Categories (N = 63) | P Value | |
| Age at baseline (y)a | ≤44 | 203 (20%) | 172 (21%) | 23 (20%) | 8 (13%) | .42 |
| 45–64 | 752 (74%) | 618 (74%) | 84 (73%) | 50 (79%) | ||
| 65–74 | 56 (6%) | 44 (5%) | 8 (7%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| ≥75 | 4 (0%) | 3 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Age at baseline (y) | <50 | 449 (44%) | 382 (46%) | 48 (42%) | 19 (30%) | .19 |
| 50–59 | 415 (41%) | 332 (40%) | 50 (43%) | 33 (52%) | ||
| ≥60 | 151 (15%) | 123 (15%) | 17 (15%) | 11 (17%) | ||
| Sex | Male | 818 (81%) | 688 (82%) | 90 (78%) | 40 (63%) | .001 |
| Female | 197 (19%) | 149 (18%) | 25 (22%) | 23 (37%) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | White non-Hispanic | 488 (48%) | 430 (51%) | 42 (37%) | 16 (25%) | <.001 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 297 (29%) | 238 (28%) | 30 (26%) | 29 (46%) | ||
| Hispanic (regardless of race) | 203 (20%) | 148 (18%) | 39 (34%) | 16 (25%) | ||
| Otherb | 25 (2%) | 19 (2%) | 4 (3%) | 2 (4%) | ||
| Years of education | Less than high school | 151 (15%) | 96 (11%) | 32 (28%) | 23 (37%) | <.001 |
| High school | 225 (22%) | 172 (21%) | 38 (33%) | 15 (24%) | ||
| More than high school | 639 (63%) | 569 (68%) | 45 (39%) | 25 (40%) | ||
| Health insurance at baseline | No medical coverage | 199 (20%) | 149 (18%) | 35 (30%) | 15 (24%) | <.001 |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 323 (32%) | 234 (28%) | 48 (42%) | 41 (65%) | ||
| Private | 421 (41%) | 393 (47%) | 24 (21%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| Other | 63 (6%) | 53 (6%) | 8 (7%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| Unknown/missing | 9 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Frailty status at baseline | Non-frail | 560 (55%) | 498 (59%) | 48 (42%) | 14 (22%) | <.001 |
| Pre-frail | 377 (37%) | 297 (35%) | 56 (49%) | 24 (38%) | ||
| Frail | 62 (6%) | 30 (4%) | 11 (10%) | 21 (33%) | ||
| Missing | 16 (2%) | 12 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| CD4 at baseline (cells/mm3) | <350 | 125 (12%) | 95 (11%) | 18 (16%) | 12 (19%) | .19 |
| 350–500 | 205 (20%) | 175 (21%) | 22 (19%) | 8 (13%) | ||
| >500 | 679 (67%) | 562 (67%) | 75 (65%) | 42 (67%) | ||
| Missing | 6 (1%) | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline | >0.4 | 886 (87%) | 740 (88%) | 98 (85%) | 48 (76%) | .028 |
| ≤0.4 | 114 (11%) | 86 (10%) | 15 (13%) | 13 (21%) | ||
| Missing | 15 (1%) | 11 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus RNA at baseline (copies/mL) | <200 | 959 (94%) | 793 (95%) | 109 (95%) | 57 (90%) | .59 |
| Missing | 3 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Initial randomized ART regimen | NRTI-backbone + PI | 464 (46%) | 385 (46%) | 48 (42%) | 31 (49%) | .80 |
| NRTI-backbone + NNRTI | 241 (24%) | 199 (24%) | 28 (24%) | 14 (22%) | ||
| NRTI-backbone + INSTI | 107 (11%) | 83 (10%) | 16 (14%) | 8 (13%) | ||
| Other | 203 (20%) | 170 (20%) | 23 (20%) | 10 (16%) | ||
| ART regimens at baseline | NRTI-backbone + PI | 401 (40%) | 324 (39%) | 47 (41%) | 30 (48%) | .05 |
| NRTI-backbone + NNRTI | 389 (38%) | 332 (40%) | 45 (39%) | 12 (19%) | ||
| NRTI-backbone + INSTI | 192 (19%) | 154 (18%) | 19 (17%) | 19 (30%) | ||
| Other | 33 (3%) | 27 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 2 (3%) | ||
| Hepatitis C serology positivity | Positive | 121 (12%) | 86 (10%) | 22 (19%) | 13 (21%) | .002 |
| Smoking at baseline | Never smoker | 421 (41%) | 367 (44%) | 37 (32%) | 17 (27%) | <.001 |
| Prior smoker | 337 (33%) | 282 (34%) | 34 (30%) | 21 (33%) | ||
| Current smoker | 257 (25%) | 188 (22%) | 44 (38%) | 25 (40%) | ||
| Alcohol use | Abstainer | 376 (37%) | 295 (35%) | 54 (47%) | 27 (43%) | .11 |
| Light | 368 (36%) | 318 (38%) | 33 (29%) | 17 (27%) | ||
| Moderate | 62 (6%) | 52 (6%) | 7 (6%) | 3 (5%) | ||
| Heavy | 169 (17%) | 143 (17%) | 14 (12%) | 12 (19%) | ||
| Missing | 40 (4%) | 29 (3%) | 7 (6%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| Binge drinking | Abstainer | 376 (37%) | 295 (35%) | 54 (47%) | 27 (43%) | .13 |
| No binging | 445 (44%) | 381 (46%) | 42 (37%) | 22 (35%) | ||
| Binge once/month | 77 (8%) | 65 (8%) | 6 (5%) | 6 (10%) | ||
| Binge >1/month | 81 (8%) | 70 (8%) | 6 (5%) | 5 (8%) | ||
| Missing | 36 (4%) | 26 (3%) | 7 (6%) | 3 (5%) | ||
| Active substance use | Yes | 209 (21%) | 167 (20%) | 29 (25%) | 13 (21%) | .30 |
| Missing | 48 (5%) | 34 (4%) | 9 (8%) | 5 (8%) | ||
| Days of vigorous/moderate activities/week | ≥3 days of physical activity | 507 (50%) | 447 (53%) | 45 (39%) | 15 (24%) | <.001 |
| Missing | 57 (6%) | 40 (5%) | 11 (10%) | 6 (10%) | ||
| Body mass index | Underweight | 6 (1%) | 3 (0%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | .32 |
| Normal weight | 321 (32%) | 258 (31%) | 43 (37%) | 20 (32%) | ||
| Overweight | 388 (38%) | 324 (39%) | 43 (37%) | 21 (33%) | ||
| Obese | 284 (28%) | 240 (29%) | 27 (23%) | 17 (27%) | ||
| Missing | 16 (2%) | 12 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 60 (6%) | 43 (5%) | 13 (1%) | 4 (6%) | .031 | |
| Renal disease | 102 (10%) | 82 (10%) | 10 (9%) | 10 (16%) | .27 | |
| Liver disease | 8 (1%) | 4 (0%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | .040 | |
| Diabetes | 142 (14%) | 101 (12%) | 24 (21%) | 17 (27%) | <.001 | |
| Hypertension | 757 (75% | 619 (74% | 88 (77%) | 50 (79%) | .56 | |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | >130 mg/dL | 219 (22%) | 183 (22%) | 22 (19%) | 14 (22%) | .84 |
| Depression | 89 (9%) | 68 (8%) | 11 (10%) | 10 (16%) | .11 | |
| Cancer (within 5 years) | 32 (3%) | 25 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (2%) | .72 | |
Baseline is entry into HIV Infection, Aging, and Immune Function Long-Term Observational Study (A5322).
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.
aAge categories used for comparison with NHANES data.
bOther race is defined as Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, or more than 1 race.