Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Cross-sectional Study Participants
| HIV-Uninfected | HIV-Infected | P Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic Category | Healthy Control | Respiratory Symptomatic | TB Patient | Healthy Control | Respiratory Symptomatic | TB Patient | TB (HIV−) vs TB (HIV+) |
| Frequency, No. | 61 | 24 | 39 | 16 | 17 | 53 | NA |
| Median age, y (IQR) | 28 (24–34) | 29 (25–38) | 37 (30–42) | 33 (28–36) | 33 (30–37) | 32 (29–36) | .063 |
| Female | 19 (31) | 5 (21) | 13 (33) | 11 (69) | 10 (59) | 25 (47) | .205 |
| Smoking history, current or former | 43 (70) | 16 (67) | 23 (59) | 5 (31) | 6 (35) | 14 (26) | .003 |
| Symptoms and examination findings | |||||||
| Productive cough | 0 (0) | 6 (25) | 31 (79) | 0 (0) | 5 (30) | 30 (57) | .027 |
| Nonproductive cough | 0 (0) | 6 (25) | 10 (26) | 0 (0) | 8 (47) | 21 (40) | .186 |
| Hemoptysis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (15) | 1.000 |
| Night sweats | 1 (2) | 8 (33) | 27 (69) | 0 (0) | 8 (47) | 44 (83) | .138 |
| Weight loss | 6 (10) | 5 (21) | 20 (51) | 3 (19) | 4 (24) | 30 (57) | .675 |
| Median symptom duration, d (IQR) | NA | 14 (5–75) | 28 (14–30) | NA | 30 (30–60) | 30 (14–30) | .800 |
| Median BMI | 22.9 (21.2–26.4) | 21.9 (19.9–24.2) | 21.6 (20.1–25.8) | 26.9 (22.8–32.9) | 27 (20.4–31.8) | 22.9 (20.4–25.3) | .493 |
| Median temperature, °C (IQR) | 36.1 (35.8–36.3) | 35.9 (35.6–36.2) | 36.2 (35.9–36.6) | 36.1 (35.8–36.5) | 35.9 (35.6–36.4) | 36.6 (36.0–37.5) | .054 |
| Median heart rate, beats/ min (IQR) | 72 (68–78) | 70 (66–78) | 80 (68–88) | 74 (70–82) | 70 (64–83) | 84 (77–98) | .009 |
| Median systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 120 (119–130) | 130 (120–133) | 120 (110–120) | 120 (112–128) | 120 (111–130) | 117 (110–120) | .617 |
| Median diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80 (70–86) | 80 (71–85) | 80 (70–80) | 80 (70–83) | 80 (76–90) | 75 (70–80) | .589 |
| Median respiratory rate, breaths/min (IQR) | 16 (16–18) | 18 (16–20) | 20 (16–24) | 18 (16–20) | 17 (16–20) | 23 (18–28) | .074 |
| Extrapulmonary TB features | NA | NA | 8 (21) | NA | NA | 26 (49) | .008 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| Median hemoglobin concentration, g/dL (IQR) | 14.3 (13.3–15.0) | 14.3 (13.8–15.3) | 12.7 (12.2–13.7) | 12.6 (11.8–13.7) | 13.2 (12.7–13.9) | 10.7 (9.4–12.0) | <.0001 |
| Median total white cell count, ×109/L (IQR) | 6.06 (4.84–7.48) | 5.81 (4.58–7.55) | 7.45 (5.84–9.00) | 4.95 (4.19–5.88) | 5.24 (4.28–6.28) | 5.48 (4.00–7.73) | .002 |
| Median neutrophil count (IQR) | 3.32 (2.39–4.53) | 3.32 (2.21–4.88) | 5.11 (3.4–6.71) | 2.53 (1.9–3.59) | 2.32 (1.9–3.45) | 3.54 (2.33–5.34) | .009 |
| Median neutrophil % (IQR) | 55.2 (47.5–61.4) | 55.5 (46.4–63.6) | 65.8 (58.2–75.5) | 51.8 (46.6–59.3) | 51.4 (42.5–61.9) | 68.9 (57.5–78.1) | .910 |
| Median lymphocyte count (IQR) | 1.99 (1.61–2.40) | 1.8 (1.24–2.03) | 1.57 (1.20–2.02) | 1.53 (1.38–2.17) | 1.81 (1.25–2.50) | 1.08 (0.59–1.59) | .003 |
| Median lymphocyte % (IQR) | 32.7 (27.9–40.2) | 32.6 (24.8–42.6) | 21 (14.5–29.3) | 32.3 (24.5–39.8) | 34 (26.8–41.4) | 20.8 (13.7–29.8) | .809 |
| Median monocyte count (IQR) | 0.35 (0.26–0.43) | 0.36 (0.23–0.44) | 0.55 (0.39–0.69) | 0.37 (0.29–0.43) | 0.27 (0.22–0.42) | 0.34 (0.26–0.45) | <.0001 |
| Median monocyte % (IQR) | 5.2 (4.4–7.1) | 5.6 (4.5–6.5) | 6.6 (5.2–9.8) | 6.9 (6.1–9.0) | 5.9 (4.8–7.6) | 6.8 (4.55–8.4) | .150 |
| Median platelet count (IQR) | 309 (247–355) | 316 (262–380) | 505 (355–579) | 247 (182–327) | 325 (263–377) | 357 (249–464) | .001 |
| Median C-reactive protein, mg/L (IQR) | 1.3 (0.9–4.9) | 3.3 (0.9–8.3) | 46.9 (7.8–82.7) | 1.4 (0.9–2.6) | 2.7 (1.5–11.0) | 57.1 (18.5–85.7) | .304 |
| Median albumin concentration, g/dL (IQR) | 47 (44–49) | 47 (44–50) | 40 (37–43) | 43 (42–46) | 44 (42–46) | 34 (30–38) | <.0001 |
| Median CD4 count, cells/µL (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | 309 (194–409) | 373 (151–526) | 172 (91–351) | NA |
| Median CD4 % (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | 15.8 (4.6–23.4) | 18.5 (12.0–23.9) | 12.7 (9.5–18.9) | NA |
| Radiographic features | |||||||
| Median chest radiograph inflammation score (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–2) | 6 (4–8) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–1) | 4 (3–8) | .047 |
| Cavities present on chest radiograph | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (69) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (28) | <.001 |
| Miliary TB | NA | NA | 1 (3) | NA | NA | 8 (16) | .071 |
| Chest radiograph not available | 5 (8) | 1 (4) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 4 (7) | .391 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. P values are for Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U test.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; TB, tuberculosis.