Table 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results for factors that are associated with public concerns about clinical application of pharmacogenomic testing in Korea.
| Variable | adjusted OR (95% CI) n = 696a |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy & reliability | Clinical utility | Cost | Inconvenience | Privacy | Quality of professionals | ||
| Sex | Women (ref) | ||||||
| Men | 0.90 (0.66–1.25) | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | |
| Age (years) | 20–29 (ref) | ||||||
| 30–39 | 1.19 (0.72–1.97) | 1.22 (0.74–2.02) | 0.81 (0.49–1.34) | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 1.15 (0.68–1.95) | 1.13 (0.45–2.87) | |
| 40–49 | 1.47 (0.89–2.41) | 0.95 (0.58–1.58) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.73 (0.41–1.28) | 0.86 (0.50–1.46) | 1.54 (0.64–3.69) | |
| 50–59 | 2.39§ (1.43–3.98) | 0.94 (0.56–1.57) | 0.40§ (0.23–0.67) | 0.58 (0.32–1.04) | 0.89 (0.51–1.53) | 3.45‡ (1.50–7.91) | |
| ≥60 | 1.77 (1.00–3.15) | 0.62 (0.34–1.14) | 0.48† (0.27–0.87) | 1.00 (0.53–1.89) | 0.41† (0.21–0.82) | 6.91§(2.85–16.73) | |
| Education level | Middle school or below (ref) | ||||||
| High school | 1.59 (0.76–3.29) | 1.82 (0.76–4.35) | 0.48 (0.23–1.02) | 0.45† (0.21–0.95) | 1.28 (0.47–3.46) | 2.98 (0.82–10.89) | |
| College or above | 2.41† (1.15–5.03) | 1.69 (0.71–4.03) | 0.26§ (0.12–0.56) | 0.35‡ (0.16–0.74) | 1.67 (0.63–4.48) | 5.06† (1.39–18.33) | |
| Monthly family income (million KRW b) | < 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| 1.00–2.99 | 1.19 (0.58–2.44) | 0.95 (0.42–2.11) | 0.91 (0.43–1.89) | 1.29 (0.58–2.84) | 0.69 (0.28–1.72) | 1.61 (0.55–4.75) | |
| 3.00–4.99 | 1.50 (0.71–3.16) | 1.00 (0.44–2.27) | 0.71 (0.33–1.52) | 1.11 (0.48–2.55) | 0.84 (0.33–2.09) | 1.24 (0.40–3.85) | |
| 5.00–6.99 | 1.00 (0.45–2.19) | 1.09 (0.46–2.58) | 0.91 (0.41–2.03) | 1.11 (0.46–2.68) | 0.93 (0.36–2.42) | 1.69 (0.52–5.49) | |
| ≥7.00 | 1.46 (0.61–3.48) | 0.68 (0.26–1.76) | 0.97 (0.40–2.35) | 0.73 (0.26–2.05) | 1.15 (0.42–3.19) | 1.52 (0.42–5.48) | |
| Medication history in the past 3 months | None (ref) | ||||||
| < 1 month | 1.05 (0.72–1.51) | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) | 1.13 (0.78–1.65) | 1.57† (1.02–2.41) | 0.79 (0.52–1.18) | 1.14 (0.64–2.02) | |
| ≥1 month | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 0.65 (0.42–1.00) | 1.29 (0.84–1.99) | 0.99 (0.60–1.64) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | |
| Negative experiences with medicines | No (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.73 (0.53–1.02) | 1.10 (0.78–1.53) | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 1.29 (0.89–1.87) | 1.30 (0.80–2.13) | |
| Perception on the contribution of NHI in public health improvement | Negative (ref) | ||||||
| Positive | 0.74 (0.51–1.05) | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 1.10 (0.73–1.67) | 1.18 (0.79–1.77) | 0.74 (0.44–1.27) | |
| Awareness of PM | Unaware (ref) | ||||||
| Partially aware | 0.89 (0.61–1.28) | 1.22 (0.84–1.79) | 0.58‡ (0.40–0.84) | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 1.31 (0.86–1.99) | 1.52 (0.86–2.69) | |
| Fully aware | 1.14 (0.77–1.70) | 1.14 (0.76–1.73) | 0.46§ (0.31–0.70) | 0.92 (0.58–1.46) | 1.49 (0.96–2.33) | 1.61 (0.88–2.91) | |
| c-statistic | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.70 | |
| p value of Hosmer and Lemeshow test | 0.1336 | 0.2319 | 0.2563 | 0.3739 | 0.1477 | 0.7816 | |
Ref = reference category; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; PM = personalized medicine; NHI = National Health Insurance Health; KRW = Korean currency, won
†p<0.05.
‡p<0.01.
§p<0.001.
aSeven respondents were excluded from the analysis because six participants did not answer the question of family income; one did not answer the questions of awareness.
bOne US dollar equal approximately 1,100 Korean won in 2010s.