Table 4.

Medical conditions independently associated with high-dose opioid use.

Correlate	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Acute renal injury	1.7	1.0–3.0	0.0598
Avascular necrosis	3.7	2.7–5.1	<0.0001
Iron overload	1.8	1.1–2.8	0.0111
Vaso-occlusive crisis	3.8	2.7–5.3	<0.0001

A stepwise multiple logistic regression was performed based on opioid dose category (non/low-dose users vs high-dose users). The covariates originally placed into the analysis were chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, avascular necrosis, priapism, iron overload, vaso-occlusive crisis, acute chest syndrome, and acute renal disease. Acute renal injury, avascular necrosis, iron overload, and vaso-occlusive crisis remained in the regression model after covariates with p > 0.20 were eliminated from the model. Chronic heart failure, chronic renal disease, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, priapism, and acute chest syndrome eliminated from the model in a stepwise manner. The model was adjusted for age and gender.