Table 1.

Stress-induced irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) animal model in the current literature.

IBS-type phenotype	Stresses	Genetic background	Age/weight	Reference
Increased colonic epithelial secretion Increased fecal pellets Increased numbers of abdominal muscle contraction	Restraint stress for 1 h Overnight illumination for 12 h, 45°C hot environment for 5 min, water deprivation for 24 h, 4°C cold environment for 3 min, tail clamp for 1 min, level vibration (120 /min) for 40 min and food deprivation for 24 h.	Wistar	200 ± 20 g	(21)
Inflammation in the colon Visceral hyperalgia Enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia	Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was administered: (a) with different doses (20, 10, 5 mg/0.8 mL per rat); (b) with same dose in different concentrations (20 mg/rat, 25, 50 mg/mL); (c) in different ethanol percentage (25%, 50%); and (d) at depth either 4 cm or 8 cm from anus.	Sprague–Dawley	6 weeks	(18)
Visceral pain Slight damage in mucous epithelium with few glands Few inflammatory cell in mucous layer	Colorectal distention; angioplasty balloon 2.5 mm, 60 mmHg daily between age 8–14 days for 1 min (two times within 1 h); angioplasty balloon 3.5 mm, 60 mmHg daily between age 15–22 days for 1 min (two times within 1 h)	Sprague–Dawley	60 days	(19)
Visceral Hypersensitivity	Maternal separation PND 3 to PND 21 for 3 h daily	Sprague–Dawley	8 weeks	(24)
Abnormal colorectal motility Change in colon microbiota	Maternal separation PND 2 to PND 14 for 3 h daily	Wistar	2 days	(23)
Visceral hypersensitivity Increased colonic permeability Altered motility Changes in colon microbiota	Water avoidance stress for 1 h per day for 10 days	Sprague–Dawley	160 ± 20 g	(25)
Increased defecation Stimulate proximal and distal colonic transit.	Conditioned fear stress; electric foot-shock, 5 s/min for 15 exposures	Sprague-Dawley	5–8 weeks	(26)
Increase in number of fecal pellets Increase in weight per fecal pellets	Restraint stress for 1 h	Charles Foster strain albino rats	5–6 weeks	(22)
1.1Less water content in feces 1.2Visceral hypersensitivity 1.3Delayed small-intestine transit rate 2.1More water content 2.2Visceral hypersensitivity 2.3Increase small-intestine transit rate.	0–4°C, 2mL water stomach irrigation daily for 14 days Restraint stress	Sprague–Dawley	200 ± 20 g	(27)
Visceral hypersensitivity	Heterotypic chronic stress for 9 days;60-min water-avoidance stress, 45-min cold restraint stress at 4°C or 20-min forced swimming stress	Wistar rats	6–10 weeks	(20)