Figure 1.

Overview of mechanisms linking mitochondrial activity with dementia: (1) Mitochondria are crucially important for activating apoptosis (Wang and Youle, 2009); (2) Mitochondria regulate calcium signaling pathway (Walsh et al., 2009); (3) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in electron transport chain of mitochondria; (4) Calcium signaling induces apoptosis (Hajnoczky et al., 2003); (5) Calcium and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways interact with each other (Sama and Norris, 2013); (6) Cell cycle requires calcium signaling (Berridge, 1995); (7) Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (Dai et al., 2014); (8) Oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species regulate cell cycle (Antico Arciuch et al., 2012); (9) Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are highly interconnected processes (Gao et al., 2014); (10) Neuronal apoptosis (LeBlanc, 2005; Favaloro et al., 2012); (11) Impaired calcium signaling (Berridge, 2011; Nimmrich and Eckert, 2013); (12) Changes in cell cycle (Raina et al., 2000; Katsel et al., 2013); (13) Presence of neuroinflammation (Pasqualetti et al., 2015); (14) Increased oxidative stress (Bennett et al., 2009; Kumar and Singh, 2015); (15) Changes in mitochondrial morphology and functions (Spano et al., 2015; Hung et al., 2018).