Table 5.
Comparison of sexual reproduction among Zostera marina populations from Swan Lake, Huiquan Bay, and other study sites.
| Region | Locations | Growth form | Flowering periods | Seed germination | Flowering shoot density (shoots m−2) | Seed production (seeds m−2) | Seed bank size (seeds m−2) | Seedling contribution percent (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northwestern Pacific | Swan Lake, China (FO) | Annual and perennial | May-Jul | Mar-May | 517.27 ± 504.29 (Jun, 2014) |
53,623.66 ± 19,628.11 (Jul, 2015) |
552.21 ± 204.94 (Oct, 2014) |
41.36 | This study |
| Huiquan Bay, China (FO) | Perennial | Apr-Jul | Sep-Nov | 203.04 ± 116.50 (Jun, 2014) |
29,000.88 ± 10,657.89 (Jul, 2015) |
254.35 ± 613.34 (Sep, 2016) |
2.53 | ||
| Changhai County, China | Perennial | May-Jul | Mar-May | 85.71 ± 122.51 (Jul, 2016) |
5,112.73 ± 2,982.25 (Jul, 2016) |
– | – | ||
| Jingdong Bay, Korea (FO) | Perennial | Jun (2002) |
– | 22.5 ± 3.9 | 5,544 (May, 2002) |
– | 22.6 (2002) |
Lee et al., 2007 | |
| Jan-Jul (2003) |
Oct- | 10.2 ± 6.1 (Apr, 2003) |
1,265 (Apr, 2003) |
200 (Aug, 2003) |
100 (2003) |
||||
| Feb-Aug (2004) |
– | 44.9 ± 9.7 | 15,872 (Apr, 2004) |
850 (Sep, 2005) |
6 (2004) |
||||
| Feb-Aug (2005) |
– | 103.4 ± 14.4 (Apr, 2005) |
25,476 (Apr, 2005) |
1,780 (Jul, 2005) |
8 (2005) |
||||
| Odawa Bay, Japan | Perennial | Apr-Jun | – | 50 (May, 1976) |
– | – | – | Aioi, 1980 | |
| Tategami, Ago Bay, Japan | Annual | Apr-Jun (2004) |
– | – | 6,000 ± 2,400 (May, 2004) |
1,157 ± 360 (Oct, 2004) |
– | Morita et al., 2007 | |
| Hamajima, Ago Bay, Japan | Perennial | – | – | – | – | 5 ± 9 (Oct, 2004) |
– | ||
| Northeastern pacific | Port Clarence, Bering Sea, USA | – | – | – | 90 (Sep, 1967) |
– | – | – | McRoy, 1970 |
| Safety Lagoon, Bering Sea, USA | – | – | – | 100 (Sep, 1967) |
– | – | – | ||
| Sawmill Bay, USA | – | – | – | 3.5 (Jun, 1967) |
– | – | – | ||
| Douglas Bay, USA | – | – | – | 35.0 ± 79.0 (Aug, 1975) |
392 (Aug, 1975) |
– | – | Phillips et al., 1983 | |
| Puget Sound, washington, USA | Perennial | Mar-Oct | Apr-Jul | 66.0 ± 33.6 (Aug, 1964) |
2,059 ± 253 (Aug, 1964) |
– | – | Kentula, 1982; Phillips et al., 1983 | |
| Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA | Annual and perennial | May-Sep | Feb-Jun | 65 (Jun, 1980) |
– | – | – | Kentula, 1982 | |
| Concepcion Bay, Gulf of California, Mexico | Annual | - | - | 555.0 ± 351.8 (Apr, 1974) |
19,783 ± 619 (Apr, 1974) |
– | – | Phillips et al., 1983 | |
| Bahia Kino, Gulf of California, Mexico | Annual | Mar-Jul | Oct-early Nov | 2,636 ± 242.7 (Mar, 1977) |
11,132–100.740 (Mar, 1977) |
– | – | Phillips and Backman, 1983 | |
| Infiernillo Channel, Gulf of California, Mexico | Annual | – | – | – | 6210.9–71187.0 (1997-2000, 2009,2010) |
– | – | Lopez-Calderon et al., 2016 | |
| Gulf of California, Mexico | Annual | – | – | – | 17,000–30,000 (1995, 2010) |
– | – | ||
| Northwestern Atlantic | Chesapeake Bay USA | Perennial | – | – | 72.2 ± 127.8 | 6,969–9,752 | 322.2 ± 388.9 | – | Harwell and Orth, 2002 |
| Chesapeake Bay USA (FE) | Perennial | – | Sep-May | – | – | – | – | Orth and Moore, 1983 | |
| Chesapeake Bay USA | Perennial | Feb-May | – | 353 | 8127 | – | – | Silberhorn et al., 1983 | |
| Chesapeake Bay USA (FE) | Perennial | – | – | – | – | – | – | Orth et al., 1994 | |
| Chesapeake Bay USA (FO) | Perennial | – | – | 90–120 | 650–950 | – | – | Harwell and Rhode, 2007 | |
| Virginia, Chesapeake Bay, USA | Perennial | Mar-Jun (1979) |
Oct-Apr | 424 ± 170 | – | 0–11 | – | Orth and Moore, 1986 | |
| Newport River, USA | Annual | Feb-Jul (2008) |
Oct– | 603 ± 157 (Mar, 2008) |
53,513 ± 7,365 | 1,243 ± 147 (Sep, 2008) |
– | Jarvis, 2009; Jarvis and Moore, 2010 | |
| Back Sound, USA | Perennial | Feb-Jul (2008) |
Oct– | 463 ± 224 (May, 2008) |
36,000 ± 8,595 | 232 ± 77 (Oct, 2008) |
– | ||
| Northwest Creek, New York, USA (FE) | – | – | Oct-Dec | – | – | – | – | Churchill, 1983 | |
| European Coast | Limfjorden, Danmark | Perennial | Mar-Aug | – | 79 ± 20 (May, 1990) |
8,100 ± 1,600 | – | – | Olesen and Sand-Jensen, 1994 |
| Lake Grevelingen, Netherlands | Perennial | Jun-Nov | Spring | – | 13,463–14,876 (1988) |
104–320 (Spring,1989) |
– | van Lent and Verschuure, 1994 | |
| VeerseMeer, Netherlands | Annual | Jun-Nov | Spring | – | 46,261 (1988) |
864 (Spring,1989) |
– | ||
| Zandkreek, Netherlands | Annual | Jun-Nov | Spring | – | 26,764 (1988) |
128 (Spring,1989) |
– | ||
| Zandkreek, Netherlands | Annual | Jul-Oct | – | 10 | 200 | – | – | Hootsmans et al., 1987 | |
| Zandkreek, Netherlands | Annual | – | Jan-May | 184 (Mar, 1989) |
– | 1,120 | – | Harrison, 1993 | |
| Isles of Scilly UK | Annual | Jun-Oct | – | – | – | – | – | Potouroglou et al., 2014 | |
| Thau lagoon, France | Perennial | Mar-Jun | – | 40 (Mar, 1995) |
– | – | – | Laugier et al., 1999 |