Table 1.
Contents of the Brazilian BACE interview.
| Outcomes (instruments) | Rationale for instrument |
|---|---|
| Demographics and patient | |
| Sex | |
| Age | Years |
| Marital status | Categorized into married/living with a partner or not |
| BMI | Body mass/height in meters2 |
| Educational levels | Categorized into up to 4 years in elementary, 4 to completion of middle school, and college to post graduation education |
| Living settings | Categorized into community dwelling or institutionalized |
| Income | Categorized into 1–2 minimum Brazilian wages, 2–4 minimum Brazilian wages, 5 or more minimum Brazilian wages |
| Job | Categorized into currently having a paid job or not |
| History of recent falls | History of falls within 6 weeks prior to assessment |
| Comorbidities (adapted form SCQ)38 | Reported comorbidities |
| Quality of life (SF 36)39 | Range from 0 to 100 |
| Lifestyle behaviour | |
| Smoking habit | Categorized into previous or past smoking habit and non-smoking. |
| General quality of sleep (question adapted from the PSQI)40 | Categorized into good and altered overall quality of sleep in the past month. |
| Quality of sleep due to LBP | Categorized into good and altered overall quality of sleep in the past month. |
| Drinking (AUDICT)41 | Range from 0 to 12, 0 = no drinking. The cut-off point for man was considered 4 or higher; for female, 3 or higher |
| Characteristics of the complaint | |
| Severity of pain complaint in the past week (NRS)42 | Range from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain, and 10 indicates worst pain imaginable |
| Presence of leg pain | Categorized into two categories: yes or no |
| Severity of leg pain in the past week (NRS)42 | Range from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain, and 10 indicates worst pain imaginable |
| Disability (RMDQ – Br)43 | Range from 0 to 24, where 0 indicates no disability |
| First episode of LBP | Categorized into two categories: yes and no |
| History of surgery for LBP | Categorized into two categories: yes and no |
| Presence of LBP morning stiffness (adapted from WOMAC)44 | Range from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates no stiffness |
| LBP morning stiffness intensity (adapted from WOMAC)44 | Range from 0 to 8, where 0 indicates no stiffness |
| Constant presence of pain | Categorized into two categories: yes and no |
| Number of locations of pain45 | McGill Pain Questionnaire Drawing |
| Sleeping problems due to LBP | Categorized into two categories: yes or no. |
| Intake of medication for pain | Categorized into two categories: yes and no |
| Psychosocial factors | |
| Kinesiophobia (FABQ – Physical Activity Component)46 | Range from 0 to 28, higher scores indicate higher levels of kinesiophobia |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D)47 | Range from 0 to 60, higher scores indicate higher levels of kinesiophobia |
| Pain catastrophizing (PCS)48 | Range from 0 to 52, higher scores indicate higher levels of catastrophizing pain |
| Self-efficacy for falls (FES)49 | Range from 16 to 64, higher scores indicate less self-efficacy for falling |
| Beliefs toward back pain (BBQ)50 | Range from 9 to 49, higher scores indicate positive beliefs for recovery from pain |
AUDIT-C, alcohol use disorders identification test; BBQ, Back Beliefs Questionnaire; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; FABQ_A, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire; FES, Falls Efficacy Scale; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophization Scale; PSQI, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; RMDQ-Br, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire – Brasil; SCQ, Self-administered Comorbidity Questionnaire; SF 36, Short Form (36) Health Survey.