. 2017 Sep 29;22(1):33–41. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.09.008

Table 3.

Reference values and group effects for clinical tests used in the lumbopelvic assessment; mean (SD) [miminum–maximum value].

Tests		Young adults (18–40 yo)				Older adults (41–65 yo)
		Male		Female		Male		Female
		Active (n = 24)	Inactive (n = 20)	Active (n = 20)	Inactive (n = 19)	Active (n = 17)	Inactive (n = 18)	Active (n = 17)	Inactive (n = 17)
MIVC hip abductors (kgf)^a^,^b	Right	23.8 (6.9)^‡^,^*	23.9 (5.9)^‡	23.4 (5.4)^*	20.4 (6.7)	21.7 (4.0)^‡^,^*	20.4 (4.7)^‡	20.2 (3.9)^*	19.0 (4.9)
MIVC hip abductors (kgf)	Left	22.4 (6.1)	22.5 (4.6)	22.1 (6.2)	18.1 (7.4)	21.1 (4.0)	20.6 (4.6)	19.9 (4.2)	18.1 (4.3)
MIVC hip extensors (kgf)^b	Right	33.3 (13.2)^‡	30.7 (6.9)^‡	31.9 (10.0)	26.9 (11.1)	33.4 (5.0)^‡	29.9 (5.7)^‡	27.1 (6.3)	24.3 (6.1)
MIVC hip extensors (kgf)^d	Left	32.8 (13.4)^‡	32.1 (7.7)^‡	31.1 (9.0)^*	26.2 (11.6)	32.7 (5.0)^‡	30.6 (6.3)^‡	27.1 (6.2)^*	24.3 (6.9)
MIVC hip flexors (kgf)^a^,^b	Right	50.2 (16.9)^‡^,^*	45.2 (9.7)^‡	45.4 (22.6)^*	34.8 (9.2)	44.3 (7.7)^‡^,^*	41.3 (7.4)^‡	32.1 (6.0)^*	30.9 (7.9)
MIVC hip flexors (kgf)^a^,^b	Left	48.8 (16.4)^‡^,^*	43.8 (9.1)^‡	44.2 (21.1)^*	33.2 (11.5)	44.2 (8.0)^‡^,^*	40.7 (6.8)^‡	32.2 (6.3)^*	30.0 (7.1)
Side bridge (s)^f	Right	89.3 (33.7)^†^,^*	70.3 (16.2)^†	85.7 (21.9)^†	72.3 (6.8)^†	63.2 (8.5)^*	51.7 (9.6)^‡	62.2 (13.6)^*	40.4 (7.0)
Side bridge (s)^f	Left	88.5 (35.8)^†^,^*	71.0 (22.1)^†	84.8 (22.3)^†	72.1 (12.4)^†	63.4 (10.4)^*	49.5 (7.4)^‡	60.8 (12.6)^*	40.8 (6.8)
Prone bridge (s)^b^,^c		115.6 (35.9)^†^,^*	100.3 (24.9)^†	108.5 (22.5)^†^,^*	87.3 (13.1)^†	81.2 (11.7)^*	68.5 (11.6)	77.4 (11.8)^*	68.1 (12.5)
TrA muscle activity (mmHg)^e		13.3 (6.4)^‡^,^†	12.0 (6.5)^‡^,^†	6.9 (5.1)	7.7 (4.0)	5.5 (2.2)	6.4 (2.4)	6.6 (2.3)	7.2 (1.9)
Trunk flexors endurance (s)^b		284.4 (198.2)^*	219.8 (56.9)	254.2 (56.7)^*	213.5 (111.1)	133.1 (40.5)^*	106.2 (13.7)	110.4 (19.5)^*	105.9 (22.7)
Trunk extensors endurance (s)^f		194.9 (105.8)^†	167.3 (54.8)^†	182.1 (62.4)^†	161.6 (51.4)^†	100.3 (18.3)^*	69.5 (14.4)^‡	93.8 (27.0)	82.5 (19.7)

TrA, transversus abdominis.

SD stands for “standard deviation”, yo for “years old” and MIVC for “maximum isometric voluntary contraction”

Significant main effects and interactions:

Gender main effect.

Physical Activity Level main effect.

Age Group main effect.

Gender*Physical Activity Level interaction.

Gender*Age Group interaction.

Gender*Physical Activity Level*Age Group interaction.

Difference related to Physical Activity Level (p < 0.05).

^†

Difference related to Age Group (p < 0.05).

^‡

Difference related to Gender (p < 0.05).