Fig. 3.

Responses of Japanese tits to a stick. (A) Experiment 1. Tits approached a stick moving up a tree trunk during the playback of snake-specific alarm calls, but rarely during the playbacks of general alarm calls and recruitment calls. Sample size: n = 36 trials. Each focal bird was exposed to only one treatment, giving n = 12 trials per treatment. (B) Experiment 2. Tits approached a stick moving on the ground during the playback of snake-specific alarm calls, but not during the playback of general alarm calls. However, they rarely approached the stick when its movement (swinging) was dissimilar to a snake movement regardless of the type of alarm call they heard. Sample size: n = 48 trials. Each bird was exposed to only one treatment, giving n = 12 trials per treatment.