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. 2018 Feb 16;8:3171. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21075-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Formation and characterization of microvascular network. (A–H) Lumenized vasculature developed by human breast tumor-associated endothelial cells (hBTECs) maintained under flow in various sections of the microfluidic channels; cells displayed an elongated morphology with a high degree of vascular maturity and cell-cell contact. (A–D) (CD31, green; αSMA, red; nuclei, blue) and (E–H) hBTECs (CD31, green; F-actin, red; nuclei, blue) (I–J) 3D projected views of vascular channels exhibited complete cellular coverage of the channels (white lines indicate edges of microchannel). Scale bar = 100 μm. Vascular flow is oriented from left to right and from top to bottom in the images. (K) Circular histogram of hBTEC orientation when maintained under continuous flow. A high degree of cellular alignment with respect to flow direction was observed in the channels (n = 444 cells from over 10 separate locations on each of three independent chips).