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. 2018 Feb 16;8:3176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21621-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs treated with TUDCA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS containing TUDCA. Effect of TUDCA on LPS-induced NO production in Raw 264.7 macrophage, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs. (A,C,E) The macrophages, microglial cells, and BMMs were treated with LPS for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. (B,D,F) The macrophages, microglial cells, and BMMs in the LPS alone group were treated with 1 µg/mL of LPS for 24 h. The macrophages in the LPS containing TUDCA group were pre-treated with 20, 100, 200, and 500 µM of TUDCA for 1 h, after which they were treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) containing equal concentrations of TUDCA at the same time. The TUDCA group was treated with 500 µM of TUDCA for 24 h. The collected supernatants were reacted with the Griess reagent, and the absorbance level was measured at 548 nm. Results are the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments: ***p < 0.001, significant difference as compared to the control group by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis.