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. 2018 Feb 16;8:3176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21621-5

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs treated with TUDCA (500 µM) or LPS (1 µg/mL) or LPS containing TUDCA. The macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs in the TUDCA group and the LPS + TUDCA group were pretreated with 500 µM TUDCA for 1 h before the zero time point. Then, LPS + TUDCA group was treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) containing 500 µM of TUDCA for 24 h. The TUDCA group was treated with 500 µM of TUDCA. The macrophages, BV2 microglial cells, and BMMs in the LPS group were treated with 1 µg/mL of LPS for 24 h. Cell pellets were subjected to a qRT-PCR analysis to detect the expression levels of (A,E,I) TNF-α, (B,F,J) IL-1β (C,G,K) COX-2, and (D,H,L) iNOS mRNA. The levels of each mRNA expression were referenced to the expression of GAPDH mRNA. The fold ratio of the control group was set at 1-fold and the relative fold change was calculated. Results are the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments ***p < 0.001, significant difference as compared to each other by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis.