Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with T1DM by level of GAD-65 Antibodies.
| Baseline characteristic | Positive GAD-65 Antibodies (GADA > 1.0) (n = 50)N(%) or mean ± SD | Negative GAD-65 Antibodies (GADA ≤ 1.0) (n = 62)N(%) or mean ± SD | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Gender: female | 36 (72.0) | 41 (66.1) | 0.54 |
| Mean age at enrollment | 40.6 ± 12.4 | 40.4 ± 11.8 | 0.93 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic vs other | 8 (16.0) | 9 (14.5) | 1.00 |
| Race | 0.004 | ||
| White | 45 (90.0) | 39 (65.0) | |
| Black | 3 (6.0) | 17 (28.3) | |
| Other | 2 (4.0) | 4 (6.7) | |
| Anthropometric | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 6.5 | 27.1 ± 6.2 | 0.79 |
| Medical history | |||
| Diabetes | |||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 19.9 ± 12.3 | 17.5 ± 9.9 | 0.26 |
| Duration of diabetes at enrollment (years) | 20.7 ± 11.9 | 23.0 ± 12.5 | 0.34 |
| Presence of peripheral neuropathy | 24 (48.0) | 28 (45.2) | 0.85 |
| Use of insulin | 47 (94.0) | 60 (96.8) | 0.65 |
| Infectious prodrome | 7 (14.0) | 9 (14.5) | 1.00 |
| Onset of symptoms | 0.26 | ||
| Acute start | 21 (42.0) | 33 (53.2) | |
| Insidious | 29 (58.0) | 29 (46.8) | |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 179.5 ± 96.8 | 171.7 ± 81.6 | 0.65 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 0.43 |
| History of gastroparesis | |||
| Age at diagnosis of gastroparesis (years) | 33.7 ± 12.1 | 34.4 ± 10.7 | 0.74 |
| Duration of gastroparesis at enrollment (years) | 7.2 ± 7.3 | 6.3 ± 5.2 | 0.43 |
| Gastric emptying (mean% retained) | |||
| 2-h emptying | 61.4 ± 25.6 | 60.2 ± 28.1 | 0.81 |
| 4-h emptying | 36.2 ± 28.3 | 37.7 ± 30.5 | 0.79 |
| Delayed gastric emptyinga | 41 (82.0) | 49 (79.0) | 0.81 |
| C-peptide, low (≤0.8 ng/ml) | 43 (87.8) | 45 (72.6) | 0.06 |
| PAGI-SYM symptom severity (0–5) | |||
| Nausea severity | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 0.52 |
| Retching severity | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.76 |
| Vomiting severity | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.73 |
| Feeling of stomach fullness severity | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 0.69 |
| Inability to finish meal severity | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.71 |
| Excessively full after meal severity | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 0.75 |
| Loss of appetite severity | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 0.37 |
| Bloating severity | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 0.73 |
| Visibly larger stomach severity | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.67 |
| Upper abdominal pain | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 0.66 |
| Upper abdominal discomfort | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 0.89 |
| Cardinal symptom index (GCSI) (0–5) | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 0.73 |
| Nausea/vomiting GCSI subscale | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 0.65 |
| Bloating GCSI subscale | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 0.69 |
| Postprandial fullness GCSI subscale | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 0.86 |
aGastric emptying scintigraphy of >60% at 2 h OR >10% at 4 h.
GCSI, Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.