Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) by presence of delayed gastric emptying.
| Baseline characteristic | Normal emptying (n = 22)N(%) or Mean ± SD | Delayed Emptyinga (n = 91)N(%) or Mean ± SD | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Gender: female | 18 (81.8) | 60 (65.9) | 0.20 |
| Mean age at enrollment | 44.3 ± 14.0 | 39.4 ± 11.5 | 0.08 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic vs other | 4 (18.2) | 13 (14.3) | 0.74 |
| Race | 0.82 | ||
| White | 18 (81.8) | 66 (74.2) | |
| Black | 3 (13.6) | 18 (20.2) | |
| Other | 1 (4.6) | 5 (5.6) | |
| Anthropometric | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 6.8 | 26.3 ± 6.1 | 0.06 |
| Medical history | |||
| Diabetes | |||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 19.2 ± 13.4 | 18.3 ± 10.5 | 0.73 |
| Duration of diabetes at enrollment (years) | 25.2 ± 15.0 | 21.1 ± 11.4 | 0.16 |
| Presence of peripheral neuropathy | 13 (59.1) | 40 (44.0) | 0.24 |
| Use of insulin | 22 (100.0) | 86 (94.5) | 0.58 |
| Onset of symptoms | 0.03 | ||
| Acute start | 6 (27.3) | 49 (53.9) | |
| Insidious | 16 (72.7) | 42 (46.2) | |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 187.1 ± 108.9 | 172.0 ± 82.6 | 0.47 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 0.77 |
| History of gastroparesis | |||
| Age at diagnosis of gastroparesis (years) | 36.4 ± 15.1 | 33.4 ± 10.3 | 0.27 |
| Duration of gastroparesis at enrollment (years) | 8.4 ± 7.6 | 6.3 ± 5.8 | 0.17 |
| Gastric emptying (mean% retained) | |||
| 2-h emptying | 23.1 ± 16.2 | 70.1 ± 20.1 | <0.001 |
| 4-h emptying | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 45.3 ± 27.2 | <0.001 |
| GADA positive (>1.0 U/ml) | 9 (40.9) | 41 (45.6) | 0.81 |
| C-Peptide, low (≤0.8 ng/ml) | 18 (81.8) | 70 (78.7) | 1.00 |
| PAGI-SYM symptom severity (0–5) | |||
| Nausea severity | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 0.65 |
| Retching severity | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.51 |
| Vomiting severity | 2.5 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.56 |
| Feeling of stomach fullness severity | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 0.17 |
| Inability to finish meal severity | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 0.60 |
| Excessively full after meal severity | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 0.41 |
| Loss of appetite severity | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 0.78 |
| Bloating severity | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 0.07 |
| Visibly larger stomach severity | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 0.09 |
| Upper abdominal pain | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 0.99 |
| Upper abdominal discomfort | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 0.93 |
| Cardinal symptom index [Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI)] (0–5) | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 0.34 |
| Nausea/vomiting GCSI subscale | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 0.53 |
| Bloating GCSI subscale | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 0.07 |
| Postprandial fullness GCSI subscale | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 0.36 |
aDelayed gastric emptying defined as having gastric emptying scintigraphy of >60% at 2 h OR >10% at 4 h.