Table 6.
Baseline characteristics of patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) by level of C-Peptide.
| Baseline characteristic | Low C-peptide (≤0.8 ng/ml)a (n = 88)N(%) or Mean ± SD | Normal/high C-peptide (>0.8 ng/ml)a (n = 23)N(%) or Mean ± SD | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Gender: female | 63 (71.6) | 13 (56.5) | 0.21 |
| Mean age at enrollment | 40.0 ± 12.3 | 42.6 ± 11.0 | 0.36 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic vs other | 8 (9.1) | 8 (34.8) | 0.005 |
| Race | 0.39 | ||
| White | 69 (78.4) | 14 (66.7) | |
| Black | 15 (17.1) | 5 (23.8) | |
| Other | 4 (4.6) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Anthropometric | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 6.5 | 27.2 ± 6.0 | 0.87 |
| Medical history | |||
| Diabetes | |||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 17.2 ± 10.5 | 24.0 ± 11.9 | 0.008 |
| Duration of diabetes at enrollment (years) | 22.8 ± 12.6 | 18.6 ± 10.7 | 0.15 |
| Presence of peripheral neuropathy | 40 (45.5) | 12 (52.2) | 0.64 |
| Use of insulin | 88 (100.0) | 18 (78.3) | <0.001 |
| Onset of symptoms | 1.00 | ||
| Acute start | 42 (47.7) | 11 (47.8) | |
| Insidious | 46 (52.3) | 12 (52.2) | |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 172.5 ± 83.6 | 174.9 ± 94.8 | 0.90 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 2.4 | 0.04 |
| History of gastroparesis | |||
| Age at diagnosis of gastroparesis (years) | 33.4 ± 11.5 | 37.3 ± 10.1 | 0.14 |
| Duration of gastroparesis at enrollment (years) | 7.0 ± 6.2 | 5.4 ± 6.4 | 0.27 |
| Gastric emptying (mean% retained) | |||
| 2-h emptying | 60.9 ± 26.5 | 60.4 ± 29.5 | 0.93 |
| 4-h emptying | 35.6 ± 29.5 | 42.3 ± 29.8 | 0.33 |
| Delayed gastric emptyingb | 70 (79.6) | 19 (82.6) | 1.00 |
| GADA positive (>1.0 U/ml) | 43 (48.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.06 |
| PAGI-SYM symptom severity (0–5) | |||
| Nausea severity | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 0.93 |
| Retching severity | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 0.28 |
| Vomiting severity | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 0.25 |
| Feeling of stomach fullness severity | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 0.85 |
| Inability to finish meal severity | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 0.25 |
| Excessively full after meal severity | 3.4 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 0.57 |
| Loss of appetite severity | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 0.57 |
| Bloating severity | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 0.64 |
| Visibly larger stomach severity | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 0.82 |
| Upper abdominal pain | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 0.55 |
| Upper abdominal discomfort | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 0.98 |
| Cardinal symptom index [Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI)] (0–5) | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 0.52 |
| Nausea/vomiting GCSI subscale | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 0.39 |
| Bloating GCSI subscale | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 0.91 |
| Postprandial fullness GCSI subscale | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 0.44 |
aNegative C-Peptide defined as c-peptide levels ≤0.8 ng/ml.
bGastric emptying scintigraphy of >60% at 2 h OR >10% at 4 h.
GCSI, Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.