Table 1.

Evidence of non-pharmacological therapies for the treatment of centralized pain symptoms and associated comorbidities.

Therapeutic treatment	Disorder	Outcomes measured	References
Exercise (walking, aerobic strength training, yoga, pilates, or swimming)	Psychological disorders	Depression scores; anxiety scores; mood	Byrne and Byrne (1993)
	Irritable bowel syndrome	Irritable bowel specific quality of life, GI symptoms (constipation, diarrhea, pain)	Daley et al. (2008) and Johannesson et al. (2011)
	Chronic prostatitis and/or chronic pelvic pain	Pain scores; quality of life	Dhillon and Holt (2003), Zhang et al. (2015) and Saxena et al. (2017)
	Migraine	Headache frequency, headache intensity, number of headache days, disability, quality of life, depression, anxiety	Kelman (2007), Baillie et al. (2014), Santiago et al. (2014) and Daenen et al. (2015)
	Fibromyalgia	Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score, 6-min walk test, self-efficacy, grip strength, pain severity, social functioning, quality of life, psychological distress, brain response and pain rating to heat stimuli	Gowans et al. (1999), Mannerkorpi et al. (2000, 2010), Busch et al. (2011), Thompson (2012) and Ellingson et al. (2016)
Cognitive behavioral therapy	Psychological disorders	Depression scores, self-esteem scores, anxiety scores	Reynolds and Coats (1986), Lewinsohn and Clarke (1999), Hofmann and Smits (2008)
	Chronic pelvic pain	Pelvic pain, widespread pain, dyschezia, dyspareunia, quality of life, disability, depression, anxiety	Eccleston et al. (2014) and Meissner et al. (2016)
	Migraine	Headache frequency, headache duration, headache intensity, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy	Andrasik (2007)
	Fibromyalgia	Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score, 6-min walk test, self-efficacy, quality of life, social functioning, psychological distress, McGill ratings of pain, physical functioning	Gowans et al. (1999), Mannerkorpi et al. (2000) and Williams et al. (2002)