Table 5.

Linear mixed model analyses investigating the long-term effect of pain treatment on sleep outcomes (n = 106).

Sleep outcomes		Treatment effect	Pre-post sleep; mean (SD)
			Active	Placebo
TST (min)	C	-2.52	515.2 (139.3) – 538.5 (142.4)	509.9 (113.6) – 498.3 (146.8)
	p	0.90
SE (%)	C	-0.78	70.0 (15.0) – 73.0 (15.3)	70.0 (13.1) – 68.5 (18.2)
	p	0.76
SOL (min)	C	5.68	33.0 (37.3) – 31.3 (43.0)	47.0 (44.5) – 52.2 (63.5)
	p	0.61
WASO (min)	C	-7.27	134.5 (66.4) – 116.9 (51.7)	140.6 (68.3) – 133.7 (69.8)
	p	0.58
EMA (min)	C	11.73	48.9 (60.4) – 44.4 (54.9)	30.7 (38.9) – 42.8 (45.5)
	p	0.22
NoW (no)	C	-0.38	30.3 (12.5) – 28.1 (11.5)	31.2 (11.6) – 30.7 (11.0)
	p	0.90
DTS (min)	C	26.27	191.7 (124.0) – 206.2 (130.3)	215.8 (104.2) – 254.5 (106.5)
	p	0.15

The table reports linear mixed model analyses for the following outcome variables: TST, total sleep time; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; EMA, early morning awakening; NoW, number of wake bouts; DTS, daytime total sleep time. The column “Treatment effect” reports the interaction effect between treatment and time, i.e., the main result of the clinical trial, with baseline as the reference time point. C refers to coefficients and p refers to p-values. The column “Pre-post sleep; mean (SD)” reports descriptive sleep characteristics for the active and placebo groups from baseline to week 13, with standard deviations in parentheses.