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. 2018 Feb 13;12:2. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2018.00002

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Copyright © 2018 Ramakrishnan, Lahiff and Reed.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparing variation of mean, standard deviation, and CGAM metric among perturbations. (A) Normal walking without any alterations, (B) walking with SS or the variable stiffness and damping knee orthosis, (C) walking with big leg length and no weight addition at the ankles, and (D) walking with big leg length and weight. SL, step length; ST, step time; GRF, ground reaction forces; PF, push off forces; BF, braking forces; KA, knee angle; AA, ankle angle; HA, hip angle; AM, ankle moment; KM, knee moment, and HM, hip moment.