Table 1.
Participant characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Participants | n | Age (years) | BMI (kg m−2) | Physical activity level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al., 2010 | Healthy young men (P1, n = 11; P2, n = 16) | 27 |
P1 25 ± 5.2 P2 24 ± 8 (18–38) |
P1 25 ± 5.2 P2 23 ± 4 |
<2 days of exercise/week |
| Boutcher et al., 2011 | Healthy young men with no family history of hypertension (NFHT, n = 20) and family history of hypertension (FHT, n = 20) | 40 |
NFHT 21.3 ± 2.7 FHT 22.3 ± 2.2 (18–27) |
NFHT 22.2 ± 2.2 FHT 21.9 ± 3.1 |
Both groups: moderate-intensity exercise > 30 min, 1–3 times/week for >2 years |
| Burr et al., 2015 | Healthy young men (n = 9) and women (n = 4) | 13 | 25 ± 6 | H: 175 ± 8 cm BM: 74.6 ±16 kg (BMI not reported) |
Recreationally active, not currently or previously engaged in eccentric exercise training |
| Campbell et al., 2011 | Healthy young men | 10 | 31 ± 5 | 24 ± 3 | Not participating in regular vigorous exercise |
| Chandrakumar et al., 2015 | Healthy young men | 15 | 20.2 ± 0.8 | 21.8 ± 1.4 | Not participating in aerobic exercise of >30 min duration more than 3 times/week |
| Collier et al., 2010 | Healthy young men | 10 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | H: 175.8 ± 1.48 cm BM: 76.8 ± 2.36 kg (BMI not reported) |
Moderately active |
| Doonan et al., 2011 | Healthy young non-smoking (n = 53) | 53 | 23 ± 5.4 | 22.3 ± 2.2 | Not reported |
| Doonan et al., 2013 | Healthy young men (M, n = 67) and women (W, n = 55), women in early follicular phase | 122 |
M 24.4 ± 6.2 W 23.7 ± 4.8 |
M 22.8 ± 2.7 W 21.7 ± 2.1 |
Low PA (M/W): 12/13 Moderate PA (M/W): 33/26 High PA (M/W): 22/16 |
| Fahs et al., 2009 | Healthy young men | 17 | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 27.0 ± 4.9 | Not reported |
| Figueroa and Vicil, 2011 | Healthy young men (n = 11) and women (n = 12), women in follicular phase | 23 | 22 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | Physically active but not competitive athletes |
| Gkaliagkousi et al., 2014 | Healthy men (n = 9) and women (n = 6) | 15 | 39.3 ± 5.6 | 23.3 ± 2.8 | Not reported |
| Hanssen et al., 2015 | Healthy young men | 21 | 19–31 | 23 ± 1 | Not reported |
| Heffernan et al., 2006 | Healthy young men (n = 7) and women (n = 6), women in early follicular phase | 13 | 21.5 ± 2.5 | 25.7 ± 4.7 | Not reported |
| Heffernan et al., 2007d | Healthy young men | 13 | 25 ± 2.5 (21–29) | H: 174.7 ± 4.7 cm BM: 74.5 ± 7.9 (BMI not reported) |
Moderately active |
| Heffernan et al., 2007b | Healthy young, resistance-trained (RT, n = 15) and non-resistance-trained (NRT, n = 15) men | 30 |
RT 21.9 ± 2.3 NRT 22.7 ± 3.5 |
RT H: 177.9 ± 6.2 cm BM: 92.9 ± 12.8 kg NRT H: 179.1 ± 1.4 W: 81.6 ± 13.2 kg (BMI not reported) |
3 days/week for 7.2 ± 3.3 years, aerobic exercise <1.5 h/week Sedentary/ recreationally active |
| Heffernan et al., 2007c | Healthy young men | 14 | 27.9 ± 7.5 | H: 180.6 ± 7.1 cm BM: 85.4 ± 15.7 kg (BMI not reported) |
Not reported |
| Heffernan et al., 2007a | Healthy young African-American (AA, n = 12) and White (WH, n = 12) men | 24 |
AA 22 ± 3.5 WH 22 ± 3.5 |
AA 27.3 ± 4.2 WH 28.7 ± 3.5 |
Not reported |
| Hu et al., 2013 | Healthy young men (n = 10) and women (n = 5) | 15 | 26.2 ± 2.3 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | Sedentary/moderately active |
| Hull et al., 2011 | Healthy young men (n = 18) and women (n = 7) | 25 | 29.3 ± 5.8 | 23.1 ± 1.8 | Sedentary/recreationally active |
| Kingsley et al., 2016 | Healthy young men (n = 11) and women (n = 5), women in follicular phase | 16 | 23 ± 3 | H: 1.74 ± 0.11 m BM: 82.2 ± 17.7 kg (BMI not reported) |
Resistance training ≥3 days/week for ≥2 years |
| Kingwell et al., 1997 | Healthy young men | 12 | 24 ± 6 | 22.9 ± 3.1 | Sedentary |
| Kobayashi et al., 2017 | Healthy young men | 11 | 23.4 ± 1.9 | 21.5 ± 1.7 | Sedentary (≥2 years without regular exercise) |
| Lane et al., 2013 | Healthy young men (M, n = 31) and women (W, n = 31), women in early follicular phase or during oral contraceptive placebo phase | 62 |
M 24.7 ± 3.3 W 24.8 ± 3.3 ALL 24.7 ± 3.1 (18–35) |
M 26.0 ± 3.3 W 25.0 ± 4.5 ALL 25.6 ± 4.2 |
Sedentary (>6 months no structured exercise activity of any kind lasting longer than 30 min more than once/week) |
| Lefferts et al., 2015 | Healthy young men | 12 | 22 ± 3 | 24.6 ± 2.8 | Physically active |
| Lin et al., 2016 | Healthy young men | 11 | 24 ± 4.9 | 23 ± 4.8 | Sedentary or recreationally active but not participating in any type of resistance or endurance training |
| Lydakis et al., 2008 | Healthy young men (n = 7) and women (n = 8) | 15 | 26.6 ± 3.6 | 24.3 ± 3.1 | Not reported |
| Mak and Lai, 2015 | Healthy young men | 18 | 21 ± 1 (20–24) | H: 169 ± 6 cm BM: 56.0 ± 7.5 kg |
Not reported |
| Melo et al., 2016 | Healthy young men (n = 24) and women (n = 21) | 45 | 25.22 ± 6 (18–36) | BF: 21.62 ± 6.5% (BMI/Weight not reported) | Non-athletes |
| Milatz et al., 2015 | Healthy men | 32 | 33.7 ± 8 | 24.0 ± 2 | Recreationally active (moderate aerobic activity ≥2 times/week for 60 min) |
| Moore et al., 2016 | Healthy young men | 34 | 21.53 ± 3 | 22.68 ± 1.6 | Resistance training ≥3 times/week lasting at least 45 min/session |
| Munir et al., 2008 | Healthy young adults (male or female not reported) | 25 | 19–33 | Physical characteristics not reported | Recreationally active |
| Perdomo et al., 2016 | Healthy young men (M, n = 15) and women (W, n = 15) | 30 |
M 23.4 ± 1.8 W 24.3 ± 3.0 ALL 23.8 ± 2.5 |
M 23.9 ± 1.7 W 23.4 ± 2.6 ALL 23.7 ± 2.2 |
Not reported |
| Peres et al., 2010 | Healthy young men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) | 18 | 20 ± 5 | 21.28 ± 2.63 | Sedentary |
| Ranadive et al., 2012 | Healthy young men (n = 9) and women (n = 6) | 15 | 25 ± 5 (18–45) | 22.9 ± 3.4 | Not reported |
| Ribeiro et al., 2014 | Healthy young men | 14 | 31.0 ± 3.7 | 26.6 ± 3.4 | Non-athletes |
| Sharman et al., 2008 | Healthy young men | 12 | 29 ± 3.5 | 23.8 ± 3.1 | Not reported |
| Siasos et al., 2016a | Healthy young men | 20 | 22.6 ± 3.3 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Siasos et al., 2016b | Healthy young men | 20 | 22.6 ± 3.3 | 22.03 ± 1.6 | Not reported |
| Sugawara et al., 2015 | Healthy young men | 23 | 22 ± 4 | 21.9 ± 1.8 | Not reported |
| Sun et al., 2015 | Healthy Caucasian (CA) men and women (n = 15/15) and Chinese (CH) men and women (n = 16/16) | 62 |
CA 24 ± 4 CH 28 ± 4 |
CA 23.1 ± 2.5 CH 22.5 ± 2.6 |
Sedentary |
| Tai et al., 2018 | Healthy young men (n = 12) and women (n = 3) | 15 | 23 ± 3 (18–28) | H: 1.74 ± 0.11 m BM: 82.2 ± 17.7 kg (BMI not reported) |
Resistance training ≥ 3 days/week for ≥ 2 years |
| Thiebaud et al., 2016 | Healthy young men (YG, n = 12) | 12 | YG 26.5 ± 3.3 (20–39) | YG 24.3 ± 1.8 | Recreationally active |
| Yan et al., 2014 | Healthy young African-American men (AAM, n = 28) and women (AAW, n = 24) and Caucasian men (CAM, n = 25) and women (CAW, n = 23) | 100 |
AAM 25 ± 5.3 AAW 24 ± 4.9 CAM 25 ± 5 CAW 25 ± 4.8 |
AAM 26.7 ± 5.8 AAW 28.9 ± 5.4 CAM 25.7 ± 5.5 CAW 23.1 ± 5. |
Not reported |
| Yan et al., 2017 | Healthy young African-American men (n = 9) and women (n = 13) and Caucasian men (n = 14) and women (n = 13) | 49 |
AA 23 ± 4.7 CA 21 ± 5.2 |
AA 25.1 ± 3.8 CA 24.2 ± 2.6 |
Most recreationally active |
| Yoon et al., 2010 | Healthy young men | 13 | 20.8 ± 2.2 (20–29) | 23.4 ± 1.9 | Resistance exercise ~3 times/week |
Data are presented as mean ± SD (range). BMI, body mass index; P1, protocol 1 (bilateral, eccentric-only leg press and sham control); P2, protocol 2 (unilateral, eccentric-only elbow flexion); NFHT, no family history of hypertension; FHT, family history of hypertension; H, height; BM, body mass; M, men, W, women; PA, physical activity; RT, resistance-trained; NRT, not resistance-trained; AA, African-American; WH, White; BF, body fat; CA, Caucasian; CH, Chinese; YG, young group; AAM, African-American men; AAW, African-American women; CAM, Caucasian men; CAW, Caucasian women.