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Scanning electron micrographs (×100) of zirconia surface. (A, B) adhesive failure pattern; (C, D) mixed failure pattern; (E) cohesive failure pattern within the cement. The remnants of the cement were observed on the zirconia surface.
CO, control; MZ, Metal/Zirconia primer (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein); ZP, Z-PRIME Plus (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA); ZL, Zirconia Liner (Sun Medical, Shiga, Japan); SU, Scotchbond Universal adhesive (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA).
