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. 2018 Jan 18;8(4):2041–2049. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3649

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Conceptual diagram of a proposed multistep invasion process in the study system. (i) Soil disturbance caused by agriculture disrupts soil conditions that encourage native plant growth and discourage non‐native plant growth, (ii) agricultural abandonment allows the establishment of early‐successional, non‐native plants and (iii) once established, these species cultivate soil conditions that prevent native plant re‐establishment