Table 1. Demographics, Pertinent Clinical Findings, Treatment, and Comorbidities in 139 Patientsa.
| Variable | Age at Recruitment, y | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <4 (n = 28) |
4-12 (n = 66) |
>12 (n = 45) |
All (n = 139) |
|
| Male sex | 16 (57.1) | 31 (47.0) | 21 (46.7) | 68 (48.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 22 (78.6) | 52 (78.8) | 38 (84.4) | 112 (80.6) |
| Non-Hispanic, non-Middle Eastern | 18 (64.3) | 43 (65.2) | 34 (75.6) | 95 (68.3) |
| Middle Eastern | 3 (10.7) | 6 (9.1) | 3 (6.7) | 12 (8.6) |
| Hispanic | 1 (3.6) | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (3.6) |
| Asian | 4 (14.3) | 9 (13.6) | 7 (15.6) | 20 (14.4) |
| Black | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
| Mixed | 0 | 6 (9.1) | 0 | 6 (4.3) |
| Age at onset, median (IQR), y | 1.5 (1.0-2.0) | 5 (3.5-7.3) | 13 (9.5-14) | 6.0 (2.5-10.0) |
| Disease duration, median (IQR), y | 0.8 (0.7-1.4) | 1.7 (1.4-3.5) | 1.9 (1.0-3.1) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) |
| Parental marital status (2 parents) | 22 (78.6) | 66 (77.3) | 36 (80.0) | 109 (78.4) |
| Parental education (≥college) | 22 (78.6) | 51 (77.3) | 37 (82.2) | 110 (79.1) |
| Personal history of autoimmunity | 1 (3.6) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (8.8) | 6 (4.2) |
| Thyroiditis | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 2 (4.4) | 3 (2.1) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (0.7) |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes | 1 (3.6) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Cystic fibrosis | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
| IgA nephropathy | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
| Autistic spectrum disorder | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
| Epilepsy | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) |
| Treatment | 27 (96.4) | 65 (98.5) | 43 (96.6) | 135 (97.1) |
| Antihistamines | 27 (96.4) | 62 (93.9) | 43 (96.6) | 132 (95.0) |
| Ketotifen | 4 (14.3) | 11 (16.7) | 3 (6.7) | 18 (12.9) |
| Montelukast | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) |
| Omalizumab | 0 | 5 (7.6) | 2 (4.4) | 7 (5.0) |
| Type of urticaria | ||||
| CSU | 25 (89.3) | 60 (90.9) | 34 (75.6) | 118 (85.6) |
| CSU + inducible | 3 (10.7) | 4 (6.1) | 4 (8.9) | 11 (7.9) |
| Inducibleb | 6 (21.4) | 10 (15.1) | 15 (33.3) | 31 (22.3) |
| Cold | 4 (14.3) | 9 (13.6) | 9 (20.0) | 22 (15.8) |
| Sun | 2 (7.1) | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 3 (2.2) |
| Cholinergic | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 8 (17.8) | 9 (6.5) |
| Delayed pressure | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (0.7) |
| Associated angioedema | 5 (17.9) | 18 (27.3) | 10 (22.2) | 33 (23.7) |
| UAS7 at first week after study entry, median (IQR) | 3.0 (0.7-9.3) | 6.0 (0.7-17.5) | 4.6 (0.8-11.7) | 4.2 (0.7-14.0) |
| Family history | ||||
| Chronic urticaria | 2 (7.1) | 7 (10.6) | 8 (18.1) | 17 (12.3) |
| Atopy | 5 (17.9) | 20 (30.3) | 5 (11.4) | 30 (21.7) |
| Thyroid disease | 3 (10.7) | 7 (10.6) | 4 (9.1) | 14 (10.1) |
| Systemic lupus Erythematosus | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.7) |
| Autoimmunity otherc | 0 | 4 (6.1) | 5 (11.4) | 9 (6.5) |
Abbreviations: CSU, chronic spontaneous urticaria; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IQR, interquartile range; UAS7; urticaria activity score.
a
Data are given as number (percentages) except where noted.
b
Individual numbers for inducible urticaria forms may not add up given that more than 1 trigger was found in some patients.
c
Autoimmunity other: autoimmune arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. NB. One patient (in the group >12 years) was adopted, and, hence, no family history was available.