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. 2018 Feb 19;17:57. doi: 10.1186/s12943-018-0779-z

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Stages of B cell differentiation and associated malignancies. Model of B cell development indicating different stages of B cell differentiation and important immune checkpoints where BTK plays a key role. Various B-cell malignancies are indicated, which are associated with abnormal BTK signaling at distinct stages of B-cell differentiation and activation. Note that the cellular origin of U-CLL is thought to be CD5⁺ mature B cells. Somatic hypermutation status of BCR and gene expression profiling indicates post-germinal center (GC) origin of M-CLL. See text for detailed information. CLP, common lymphoid progenitor; CSR, class switch recombination; FDC, follicular dendritic cell; SHM, somatic hypermutation