Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis, organized by organism group
| Specific pathogen or outcome | First author | Published year | Country where study conducted | Year/s study conducted | Study duration (months) | Rural or urban | Number of participants (number of households) | Participant age | Study design | Random selection or sampling used | Outcome measured or reported | OR data source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Helicobacter pylori | Lee | 2012 | Malaysia | 2002–2008 | 72 | R&U | 161 | A | CC | U | M | OR, C |
| Salmonella typhi | Sharma | 2009 | India | 2005–2006 | 17 | R&U | 246 | M | MCC | Y | M | MOR, R | |
| Vibrio cholerae | Cardenas | 1993 | Colombia | 1991–1992 | 10 | R&U | (209) | M | CS | Y | R | OR, R | |
| V. cholerae | Fredrick | 2015 | India | 2012 | 1 | R&U | 154 | M | MCC | U | M&R | MOR, RT | |
| V. cholerae | Ries | 1992 | Peru | 1991 | 1 | U | 150 | M | MCC | U | M | MOR, R | |
| V. cholerae | Weber | 1994 | Ecuador | 1991 | 1 | U | 189 | C | CC | U | M | OR, C | |
| Helminths | Ascaris | Gunawardena | 2004 | Sri Lanka | 2000 | 6 | R | 176 | M | CS | Y | M | OR, RAT |
| Strongyloides sterocoralis | Herrera | 2006 | Peru | 2003 | 2 | R | 100 | M | CC | U | M | OR, C | |
| Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm, and multiple | Wordemann | 2006 | Cuba | 2003 & 2004 | 2 | R&U | 1320 | C | CS | Y | M | OR, RT | |
| Multiple | Al-Delaimy | 2014 | Malaysia | 2012 | 4 | R | 498 | C | CS | N | M | OR, C | |
| Protozoa | Blastocystis | Carrero | 2013 | Columbia | – | 1 | R&U | 50 | C | CS | N | M | OR, C |
| Blastocystis | Li | 2007 | China | – | 1 | R | 283 | M | CS | Y | M | OR, RT, & RAT | |
| Blastocystis | Rondon | 2003 | Peru | 1999 | 3 | R&U | 144 | M | CC | U | M | OR, C | |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | Sarkar | 2014a | India | 2008–2013 | 60 | U | 580 | C | NCC | U | M | OR, C, & RA | |
| Giardia | Bello | 2011 | Cuba | 2003 | 6 | R&U | 351 | C | CC | N | M | OR, C, & RAT | |
| Giardia | Choy | 2014 | Malaysia | 2011–2013 | 22 | R | 1330 | M | CS | Y | M | OR, C, & RAT | |
| Giardia | Nunez | 2003 | Cuba | – | 18 | U | 119 | C | L | U | M | OR, C | |
| Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, and multiple | Wordemann | 2006 | Cuba | 2003 and 2004 | 2 | R and U | 1320 | C | CS | Y | M | OR, RT | |
| Multiple | Marcano | 2013 | Venezuela | 2012 | 2 | U | 324 | M | CS | U | M | OR, C | |
| Viruses | Hepatitis E | Aggarwal | 2002 | India | 1998 | 5 | R and U | 1088 | M | CS | Y | M | RR, R |
| Hepatitis E | Corwin | 1995 | Indonesia | 1993 | 1 | R | 445 | M | CS | U | M | OR, C | |
| Rotavirus | Sarkar | 2014b | Bangladesh | 1993–1997 | 48 | U | 9879 | C | CCh | U | M | OR, C, and RA | |
| Rotavirus | Sarkar | 2014b | Bangladesh | 2008–2012 | 48 | U | 6204 | C | CCh | U | M | OR, C, and RA | |
| Diarrhea | Nonspecific diarrhea | Cardenas | 1993 | Colombia | 1991–1992 | 10 | R and U | (209) | M | CS | Y | R | OR, R |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Cifuentes | 1998 | Mexico | 1992 | 5 | R | 9435 | M | CS | U | M | OR, C | |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Cohen | 2015 | China | 2013 | 1 | R | (450) | M | CS | Y | R | RR, R | |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Iijima | 2001 | Kenya | 1995 | 4 | R | 3420 | M | CS | U | R | OR, C | |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Kelly | 1997 | Zambia | 1995–1996 | 5 | R and U | 6702 | A | CS | U | M and R | OR, R | |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Knight | 1992 | Malaysia | 1989 | 2 | R | 196 | C | MCC | Y | M and R | OR, RAT | |
| Nonspecific diarrhea | Psutka | 2013 | Kiribati | 2011 | 1 | R | 153 | C | CS | Y | R | RR, RT |
Rural or urban: R = rural, U = urban; participant age: C = children (age < 18), A = adults (age > 18), M = mixed (all ages), study design: CS = cross-sectional, CC = case–control, MCC = matched case–control, NCC = nested case–control, L = longitudinal, CCh = case-cohort; random selection: Y = yes, N = no, U = unclear; outcome measurement: M = measured directly (details in Supplemental Dataset 1, column CG), R = based on self-report. Outbreak investigations marked in italics (N = 6); OR data source: RR = risk ratio, OR = odds ratio, MOR = matched odds ratio, R = reported, T = transformed, A = adjusted, C = calculated (2 × 2 data).