Table 3.
Multivariate multiple regression analysis of relationship between cytokines and direct biomarkers of microbial translocation
| EE (N = 65) | HSS patients (N = 86) | Healthy controls (N = 40) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | |
| TNF-α | ||||||
| LPS | 0.04 | 0.03 to 0.14* | 0.06 | 0.03 to 0.17* | 0.02 | −0.09 to 0.13 |
| 16S rRNA | 0.004 | 0.002 to 0.007* | 0.006 | 0.001 to 0.01* | 0.003 | −0.007 to 0.01 |
| TLRL | 11.3 | 6.6 to 15.4** | 6.1 | 1.76 to13.9* | 3.6 | −0.95 to 8.45 |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| LPS | 0.006 | 0.01 to 0.09* | 0.09 | −0.008 to 0.17 | 0.02 | −0.02 to 0.15 |
| 16S rRNA | 0.04 | 0.0009 to 0.008* | 0.01 | 0.002 to 0.02* | 0.007 | −0.001 to 0.02 |
| TLRL | 7.7 | 2.11 to 9.98** | 4.5 | 1.1 to 12.3* | 1.4 | −0.5 to 17.3 |
| IL-10 | ||||||
| LPS | 0.04 | 0.009 to 0.71* | 0.03 | −0.008 to 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.011 to 0.05 |
| 16S rRNA | 0.004 | 0.004 to 0.02* | 0.002 | 0.0009 to 0.008* | −0.002 | −0.003 to 0.004 |
| TLRL | 1.96 | 0.95 to 4.9* | 1.4 | 1.1 to 3.52* | 0.64 | −2.2 to 3.5 |
| IL-4 | ||||||
| LPS | −0.003 | −0.02 to 0.01 | 0.001 | −0.002 to 0.003 | 0.0002 | −0.0003 to 0.0007 |
| 16S rRNA | 0.002 | −0.003 to 0.008 | −0.001 | −0.002 to 0.001 | −0.0001 | −0.00003 to 0.00006 |
| TLRL | 1.2 | −1.6 to 4.1 | −3.1 | −9.5 to 3.2 | −0.08 | −0.22 to 0.07 |
| IL-2 | ||||||
| LPS | −0.001 | −0.007 to 0.005 | −0.002 | −0.01 to 0.007 | 0.002 | −0.01 to 0.008 |
| 16S rRNA | −0.005 | −0.01 to 0.01 | −0.006 | −0.007 to 0.0009 | −0.0001 | −0.008 to 0.001 |
| TLRL | 0.46 | −0.75 to 1.67 | −1.5 | −4.1 to 3.7 | −0.02 | −0.1 to 0.08 |
CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; EE = environmental enteropathy; HSS = hepatosplenic schistosomiasis; IL = interleukin; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; TLRL = Toll-like receptor ligand; TNF-α= tumor necrosis factor-α; sCD14 = soluble CD14; sCD163 = soluble CD163; WBC = white blood cell; 16S rRNA = 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Data are given as regression coefficient (B) and 95% CI. R2 is 0.526 for the EE model, 0.382 for the HSS model, and 0.040 for the healthy controls model. Outcome variables were log-transformed and reported back on the original scale of measurement.
P < 0.05 significant values different from reference category adjusted for all explanatory variables in the model, age, hemoglobin, platelet, WBC, and HIV.
P < 0.01 significant values different from reference category adjusted for all explanatory variables in the model, age, hemoglobin, platelet, WBC, and HIV.