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. 2018 Feb 19;17:62. doi: 10.1186/s12943-018-0815-z

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Immunosuppressive modulator role of PSCs. PSCs induce TME remodeling, dense matrix caused hypoxia and hypo-vascularity impair T cells infiltration and their nutrition obtaining; multifactorial T cell exhaustion attenuates T_eff functions; PSCs-derived suppressive factors (such as IL-6, CXCL12), suppressive signaling and recruitment of suppressive cells (such as MDSCs, T_reg cells, TAMs) create an immunosuppressive TME in PDAC