Table 1. Characteristics of US Adolescents Reporting a Diagnosed Concussion in 2016 (N = 13 088)a.
| No. of Adolescents (%) [95% CI] | |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 6177 (49.8) [48.6-51.0] |
| Female | 6223 (50.2) [48.9-51.4] |
| Race/ethnicityb | |
| White | 5877 (46.8) [43.4-50.1] |
| Black | 1600 (13.1) [10.8-15.3] |
| Hispanic | 2674 (19.1) [16.4-21.9] |
| Otherc | 2837 (21.0) [19.3-26.7] |
| Grade leveld | |
| 8 | 5885 (32.6) [27.0-38.2] |
| 10 | 5100 (33.9) [27.8-39.9] |
| 12 | 2103 (33.5) [27.3-39.6] |
| Sport participation in past 12 mo | |
| No sports | 3040 (26.3) [24.9-27.6] |
| Contact sportse | 2851 (21.8) [20.6-23.1] |
| Semicontact sportsf | 3596 (28.7) [27.3-29.9] |
| Noncontact sportsg | 2085 (16.8) [15.7-17.8] |
| Other sportsh | 768 (6.4) [5.7-7.1] |
| Diagnosed concussions in lifetime | |
| 0 | 10 175 (80.5) [79.5-81.6] |
| 1 | 1709 (14.0) [13.1-14.8] |
| >1 | 633 (5.5) [4.9-6.1] |
Of respondents, 4.4% had missing data for number of diagnosed concussions and 5.7% for sport participation. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing observations. Several separate imputations with the 2016 Monitoring the Future survey sample used chained multinomial and logistic in STATA’s “mi impute chained” procedure (10 imputations, 5 burn-in iterations each). Percentages and 95% CIs were based on weighted data; samples sizes were based on unweighted data.
Measures for race/ethnicity were self-reported and predefined within the survey. Race was assessed because of differences across behavioral and social outcomes.
Other race includes Asian, American Indian, those who selected multiple races/ethnicities, and those with missing racial information.
Weights were used to adjust for the different sample sizes for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders.
Contact sports included football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and wrestling. Involvement in any of these sports (regardless of any additional sports) was defined as participating in contact sports.
Semicontact sports included baseball, basketball, field hockey, and soccer. Involvement in any of these sports (regardless of additional noncontact and “other” sports) was defined as participating in semicontact sports.
Noncontact sports included cheerleading, crew, cross-country, equestrian, golf, gymnastics, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, water polo, and weightlifting. Involvement in any of these sports (regardless of additional “other” sports) was defined as participating in noncontact sports.
Other sports indicates nonspecified other types of sport. Involvement in any of these sports was defined as participating in other sports.