Table 4.

AMOVA of Carex flava (sect. Ceratocystis, Cyperaceae), C. viridula var. viridula and C. × subviridula for SSR data considering the whole data set of all 37 populations with two or three hierarchical levels (a and b) or subsets of populations with two or three hierarchical levels (c–i). P-value = associated significance derived from 16000 permutations. *P < 0.001; **P < 0.05.

Data set	Source of variation	df	% of variation
(a) 37 populations separated into three groups: Estonia, Highland and Lowland Switzerland	Among groups	2	13.00*
	Among populations	34	33.09*
	Within populations	723	53.90*
(b) 37 populations separated into three groups: C. flava, C. viridula, C. × subviridula	Among groups	2	26.56*
	Among populations	34	23.27*
	Within populations	723	50.18*
(c) 33 populations separated into two groups: C. flava, C. viridula	Among groups	1	32.02*
	Among populations	31	21.20*
	Within populations	663	46.78*
(d) 18 C. flava populations grouped by region of origin	Among groups	2	6.84**
	Among populations	15	25.76*
	Within populations	374	67.40*
(e) 15 C. viridula populations grouped by region of origin	Among groups	2	20.77*
	Among populations	12	16.07*
	Within populations	289	63.16*
(f) 4 C. × subviridula populations grouped by region of origin	Among groups	1	18.27
	Among populations	2	23.09*
	Within populations	60	58.64*
(g) 18 populations from Estonia grouped by taxa	Among groups	2	39.16*
	Among populations	15	11.01*
	Within populations	316	49.83*
(h) 10 populations from Lowland Switzerland grouped by taxa	Among groups	2	17.51**
	Among populations	7	24.00*
	Within populations	250	58.5*
(i) 9 populations from Highland Switzerland grouped by taxa	Among groups	1	28.27*
	Among populations	7	14.90*
	Within populations	183	56.83*