Table 3.
Association between exposure to air pollution and malignant brain tumor incidence in 12a European cohorts
| Fixed Increase | N Cohorts | N | Model 1c HR (95% CI) |
Model 2d HR (95% CI) |
Model 3e HR (95% CI) |
P-value Model 3 |
I
2 (%) (P-value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | 5 µg/m3 | 10b | 246 626 | 1.04 (0.66–1.63) | 1.01 (0.64–1.60) | 0.98 (0.62–1.56) | 0.94 | 0.0 (0.44) |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 10−5/m | 10b | 246 626 | 1.76 (0.90–3.43) | 1.72 (0.91–3.25) | 1.67 (0.89–3.14) | 0.11 | 39.9 (0.14) |
| PM10 | 10 µg/m3 | 10b | 246 626 | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | 1.15 (0.74–1.78) | 1.15 (0.72–1.83) | 0.55 | 13.8 (0.33) |
| PMcoarse | 5 µg/m3 | 10b | 246 626 | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | 0.99 | 0.0 (0.82) |
| NO2 | 10 µg/m3 | 12a | 282 194 | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 0.75 | 55.2 (0.03) |
| NOx | 20 µg/m3 | 12a | 282 194 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 0.63 | 47.8 (0.06) |
| Traffic intensity | 5000 vehicles/day | 10b | 282 194 | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) | 0.07 | 0.0 (0.75) |
aEPIC-Umeå, CEANS (pooled data from the 4 cohorts from Stockholm, Sweden: SNAC-K, SALT/Twin gene, 60 y/IMPROVE, and SDPP), HUBRO, DCH, EPIC-NL (pooled data from 2 cohorts: EPIC-MORGEN and EPIC-PROSPECT), VHM&PP, EPIC-Varese, and EPIC-Turin; bCEANS (pooled data from the 4 cohorts from Stockholm, Sweden: SNAC-K, SALT/Twin gene, 60 y/IMPROVE, and SDPP), HUBRO, DCH, EPIC-NL (pooled data from 2 cohorts: EPIC-MORGEN and EPIC-PROSPECT), VHM&PP, and EPIC-Turin.
cAdjusted for age, sex, and year of enrollment. dModel 1 plus educational, and occupation in petrochemical industry; eModel 2 plus area-level socioeconomic status.