Table 1.

Summary of untargeted metabolomics analysis in whole placenta.

Pathway/metabolite species	Metabolite (placenta)	Female low (n = 4) vs control (n = 6)	Female high (n = 4) vs control (n = 6)	Male low (n = 4) vs control (n = 6)	Male high (n = 4) vs control (n = 6)	Combined low (n = 8) vs control (n = 12)	Combined high (n = 8) vs control (n = 12)
Glycolysis	Glucose 1 phosphate	0.07 ↑
Glycolysis	Glycerol			0.02 ↑	0.07 ↑	0.03 ↓
Glycolysis	Glycine						0.08 ↑
Glycolysis	Creatine major dehydrated					0.06 ↑
Amino acid metabolism	Benzoic acid	0.01 ↑			0.07 ↓	0.03 ↑
Amino acid metabolism	Salicylic acid		0.07 ↓
Glycolysis	Enolpyruvate	0.04 ↓		0.07 ↓		0.002 ↓
Glycolysis	Enolpyruvate/glycerol		0.07 ↓				0.04 ↓
Amino acid	Leucine			0.07 ↑
Ketogenesis	Beta-hydroxybutyic acid			0.07 ↓		0.06 ↓
Pyrimidine metabolism	Uracil			0.01 ↓		0.007 ↓
Fatty acid synthesis	Stearic acid					0.06 ↑
Fatty acid synthesis	Octadecanol		0.07 ↓
Citric acid cycle	Citric acid				0.01 ↑		0.03 ↑
Glycolysis/citric acid cycle	Enolpyruvate/citric acid				0.02 ↓	0.05 ↓	0.03 ↓
Amino acid	Proline	0.01 ↑				0.002 ↑
Amino acid	Proline/glutamic acid					<0.001 ↑	0.01 ↑
Amino acid	Glutamic acid	0.07 ↓	0.04 ↓	0.02 ↓	0.04 ↓	0.001 ↓	0.001 ↓
Urea cycle	Urea					0.01 ↑	0.08 ↑
Urea cycle	Uric acid						0.05 ↑
Purine metabolism	Guanosine				0.04 ↓		0.02 ↓
Amino acid	Threonine						0.06 ↑
Glycolysis	Fructose				0.07 ↓		0.04 ↓
Amino acid	Hydroxy-proline						0.098 ↓

All P values <1.0 are reported here with the direction of change. For the control group n = 6 per sex and for the low and high groups n = 4 per sex.